Lab 4

Question 1

List the 8 functions of connective tissue

Answer 1

1. binds structures together
2. supports and protects
3. framework
4. fills spaces
5. stores fat
6. generates blood cells
7. protects against infections
8. helps repair tissue damage

Question 2

what makes up connective tissue

Answer 2

cells and matrix

Question 3

what makes up the connective tissue matrix

Answer 3

fibers and ground substance

Question 4

List the 5 connective tissue cell types

Answer 4

1. fibroblasts
2. macrophages
3. mast cells
4. white blood cells
5. specialized cells

Question 5

ground substance

Answer 5

gel-like material make of proteoglycans that maintain the hydration of the tissue

Question 6

List the two types of fiber

Answer 6

collagenous and elastic

Question 7

collagenous fibers

Answer 7

white fibers made of collagen, make of reticular fibers

they make up ligaments, strong

Question 8

elastic fibers

Answer 8

yellow fibers made primarily of elastin with some fibrillin

stretchy

Question 9

fibroblasts

Answer 9

secrete protein to become fibers

Question 10

macrophages

Answer 10

the immune system phagocytic cells, inflammation, clear foreign particles

Question 11

mast cells

Answer 11

packed with granules, near blood vessels, release substances to prevent blood clots and promote the inflammatory response

Question 12

white blood cells/leukocytes

Answer 12

move into connective tissue during the inflammatory response

Question 13

specialized cells

Answer 13

synthesize and maintain the cartilage and bone

Question 14

loose connective tissue

Answer 14

areolar, collagen and elastic fibers randomly dispersed with numerous fibroblasts present

Question 15

where is loose connective tissue found

Answer 15

surrounding blood vessels and nerves, muscle fibers and muscle groups, binds skin to underlying muscles

Question 16

adipose tissue

Answer 16

stores triglycerides/fats, contains no fibers, energy resource; fills spaces, cushions and holds organs in place, insulates, and gives shape to body surfaces

Question 17

where is adipose tissue found

Answer 17

below the skin, around organs (heart and kidneys), around the eyes, at the joints

Question 18

dense regular connective tissue

Answer 18

predominately collagen fibers, poor blood supply, healing process very slow, parallel to direction of force

Question 19

where is dense regular connective tissue found

Answer 19

forms tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

Question 20

dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 20

predominately collagen fibers, poor blood supply, healing process very slow, directions oppose one another to provide stretch in all directions

Question 21

where is dense irregular connective tissue found

Answer 21

dermis, sheaths covering muscles, nerves, adventitia of blood vessels, perichondrium, periosteum

Question 22

elastic connective tissue

Answer 22

elastin protein with the small amount of fibrillin, parallel or irregular branching patterns, stretch 1.5 times length

Question 23

where is elastic connective tissue found

Answer 23

walls of arteries, trachea, lungs, larynx, between adjacent vertebrae

Question 24

reticular connective tissue

Answer 24

thin collagen/reticular fibers, supporting framework for organs

Question 25

where is reticular connective tissue found

Answer 25

liver, spleen, and lymph nodes

Question 26

cartilage

Answer 26

avascular, collagen and elastic fibers

Question 27

chondrocytes

Answer 27

produces cartilage

Question 28

lacunae

Answer 28

cavities in the cartilage matrix where cartilage cells are found

Question 29

hyaline cartilage

Answer 29

most common, collagenous fibers; end of bones, in the nose, larynx, trachea, ribs, and respiratory tubes

Question 30

elastic cartilage

Answer 30

made of elastin; larynx and ear flaps

Question 31

fibrocartilage

Answer 31

weight-bearing, resistant to stretch and compression, collagenous; fabs between vertebrae and joints
stains blue or green

Question 32

osteon

Answer 32

unit of compact bone

Question 33

Haversian canal

Answer 33

contains blood vessels and nerve fibers at the center of the osteons

Question 34

lamellae

Answer 34

layers of tissue around the Haversian canal

Question 35

osteocyte

Answer 35

bone cell

Question 36

canaliculi

Answer 36

the blood vessel of the osteogenic canal

Question 37

lacunae

Answer 37

spaces where bone cells reside

Question 38

List the five physiological functions of the skin

Answer 38

1. regulation of body temperature
2. protection
3. sensation
4. excretion
5. the synthesis of vitamin D

Question 39

cutaneous membrane

Answer 39

skin

Question 40

epidermis

Answer 40

stratified squamous epithelium has melanocytes

Question 41

stratum corneum

Answer 41

an outermost layer of the skin, fully keratinized

Question 42

stratum granulosum

Answer 42

granular cell layer

Question 43

stratum spinosum

Answer 43

prickle cell layer, keratin filaments inserted in the desmosome junctions between cells

Question 44

stratum basale

Answer 44

the dividing cell layer

Question 45

dermis

Answer 45

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 46

subcutaneous layer

Answer 46

beneath the dermis, anchos the skin to the subcutaneous layer, heat insulator

Question 47

hair follicles

Answer 47

structures from which hairs arise

Question 48

arrector pili

Answer 48

the smooth muscle that extends from the dermis to the side of the hair follicle

Question 49

holocrine glands

Answer 49

secretion is made of disintegrated cells

Question 50

apocrine glands

Answer 50

release small parts of the cell, produces an odor

Question 51

merocrine glands

Answer 51

cells produce and release a secretion

Question 52

sebaceous glands

Answer 52

holocrine glands in hair follicles, oily sebum

Question 53

sweat/sudoriferous glands

Answer 53

apocrine and merocrine; called eccrine when in the skin

Question 54

eccrine sweat glands

Answer 54

watery secretion on the body surface

Question 55

ceruminous glands

Answer 55

only in the ear to produce earwax