Lecture 6 Flashcards
Where did the Thule culture develop
Bering strait region of alaska
2,200-2,000 BP
Subsistence of Thule culture
marine mammals and seasonally used terrestrial animals
Thule culture migration pattern
seasonal migration pattern
* Summer and fall bowhead whale hunts
* Autumn moved inland for caribou, birds, and freshwater fish
* Winter hunted seals and walrus
Thule technological changes
- Watercraft – kayaks and umiaks
- Harpoon line floats
- Bows and arrows
- Dogsleds
- Using slate for tools
- Copper and iron use
- Limited pottery use
- Soapstone lamp (qulliq)
- Ulu knife
Thule habitation
Varied depending upon the season
Skin tents in the summer
Semi-permanent homes in winter
Igloo used as temporary winter shelter
What are Inuksuk
Thule culture stone alignments used as indicators, markers, and navigational aids
Many different forms depending upon purpose
Describe the expansion of Thule culture
- Expansion of Thule culture eastward at approximately 1,000 BP
Migration due to climate change
meteoric iron in greenland
Describe the development of inuit culture
Thule cultural patterns shifted 600 BP
Onset of the little ice age restricted whale hunting resulted in the emergence of diverse Inuit group identities
How did region affect Inuit culture
Resources within different regions influenced the development of distinct Inuit group identities
Seven identified in Canada
Subdivisions within the groups
subsistence of Inuit culture
part on marine resources
Varying reliance on major marine vs. terrestrial animals
What level society were Inuit
Band-level
Describe the european contact with the Inuit
Possibly encountered Norse in Greenland (Labrador settlements were raided)
Sporadic contact continued for centuries
Late 1700s Moravian Church established missions in Labrador
Early 1800s saw continued european expansion into Inuit terrirory
How were the Northwest territories created and who governed them
With the transfer of Rupert’s Land to the Canadian government the
Northwest Territories was created
* 1870
* Governed by the North-West Territories Council
When did North West Mounted Polic expand to the Arctic
1904
Prior to this the government paid little attention to the region as they werent considered canadian citizens
Federal government management of Inuit groups moved through
different departments until ____
1939
Why wsa it expensive for the government to operate in the remote Arctic? What did they do?
Dispersed populations
Adopted a policy of relocation moving families and communities to create urban centers
Describe the relocation policy pre- WWII
Moved families and communities to create urban centers
Services could be provided
Strengthened Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic
Many Inuit agreed to the moves
Also acted to assimilate Inuit groups
Describe the relocation Post-WWII and cold war
Arct becam strategic territory
Establishment of the Distant Early Warning Line
Brought increased european practices and values
Few jobs for Inuit despite promises
Describe the 1960s between the Inuit and Canadian Government
- 1960s saw a resurgence of Inuit identity, politics, and efforts to
regain rights and self-determination - Emerged from continued influx of Settler groups into the area and
more Inuit individuals obtaining advanced educations and
became more aware of their legal rights - Formation of the Indian and Eskimo Association
What were the goals of the Indian and Eskimo Association
- Research and petition for land rights claims
- Highlight social issues to protect Inuit peoples
- Health care
- Environment
- Climate change
- Economic development
- Language retention
What is the eskimo and inuit association now known as? what did it create?
- Group now known as the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
- Instrumental in the creation of Nunavut
How was Nunavut created?
- First land claim for a new territory was submitted by the Inuit
Tapirisat of Canada to the federal government in 1976
From there multiple organizations formed to negotiate land claims
Describe the politcal divisons since the 1970s about Nunavut
Concept of a political division grew since the 1970s
Inuit Tapirisat Corporation drafted a proposal for Political Development which outlined four guarantees
What were the four guarantees
- Inuit ownership of land rich in non-renewable resources
- Inuit power over land management
- Inuit rights to resource royalties
- Commitment from Ottawa to negotiate self-government
