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Anthropology > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Where did the Thule culture develop

A

Bering strait region of alaska
2,200-2,000 BP

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2
Q

Subsistence of Thule culture

A

marine mammals and seasonally used terrestrial animals

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3
Q

Thule culture migration pattern

A

seasonal migration pattern
* Summer and fall bowhead whale hunts
* Autumn moved inland for caribou, birds, and freshwater fish
* Winter hunted seals and walrus

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4
Q

Thule technological changes

A
  • Watercraft – kayaks and umiaks
  • Harpoon line floats
  • Bows and arrows
  • Dogsleds
  • Using slate for tools
  • Copper and iron use
  • Limited pottery use
  • Soapstone lamp (qulliq)
  • Ulu knife
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5
Q

Thule habitation

A

Varied depending upon the season
Skin tents in the summer
Semi-permanent homes in winter
Igloo used as temporary winter shelter

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6
Q

What are Inuksuk

A

Thule culture stone alignments used as indicators, markers, and navigational aids
Many different forms depending upon purpose

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7
Q

Describe the expansion of Thule culture

A
  • Expansion of Thule culture eastward at approximately 1,000 BP
    Migration due to climate change
    meteoric iron in greenland
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8
Q

Describe the development of inuit culture

A

Thule cultural patterns shifted 600 BP
Onset of the little ice age restricted whale hunting resulted in the emergence of diverse Inuit group identities

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9
Q

How did region affect Inuit culture

A

Resources within different regions influenced the development of distinct Inuit group identities
Seven identified in Canada
Subdivisions within the groups

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10
Q

subsistence of Inuit culture

A

part on marine resources
Varying reliance on major marine vs. terrestrial animals

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11
Q

What level society were Inuit

A

Band-level

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12
Q

Describe the european contact with the Inuit

A

Possibly encountered Norse in Greenland (Labrador settlements were raided)
Sporadic contact continued for centuries
Late 1700s Moravian Church established missions in Labrador
Early 1800s saw continued european expansion into Inuit terrirory

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13
Q

How were the Northwest territories created and who governed them

A

With the transfer of Rupert’s Land to the Canadian government the
Northwest Territories was created
* 1870
* Governed by the North-West Territories Council

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14
Q

When did North West Mounted Polic expand to the Arctic

A

1904
Prior to this the government paid little attention to the region as they werent considered canadian citizens

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15
Q

Federal government management of Inuit groups moved through
different departments until ____

A

1939

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16
Q

Why wsa it expensive for the government to operate in the remote Arctic? What did they do?

A

Dispersed populations
Adopted a policy of relocation moving families and communities to create urban centers

17
Q

Describe the relocation policy pre- WWII

A

Moved families and communities to create urban centers
Services could be provided
Strengthened Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic
Many Inuit agreed to the moves
Also acted to assimilate Inuit groups

18
Q

Describe the relocation Post-WWII and cold war

A

Arct becam strategic territory
Establishment of the Distant Early Warning Line
Brought increased european practices and values
Few jobs for Inuit despite promises

19
Q

Describe the 1960s between the Inuit and Canadian Government

A
  • 1960s saw a resurgence of Inuit identity, politics, and efforts to
    regain rights and self-determination
  • Emerged from continued influx of Settler groups into the area and
    more Inuit individuals obtaining advanced educations and
    became more aware of their legal rights
  • Formation of the Indian and Eskimo Association
20
Q

What were the goals of the Indian and Eskimo Association

A
  • Research and petition for land rights claims
  • Highlight social issues to protect Inuit peoples
  • Health care
  • Environment
  • Climate change
  • Economic development
  • Language retention
21
Q

What is the eskimo and inuit association now known as? what did it create?

A
  • Group now known as the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
  • Instrumental in the creation of Nunavut
22
Q

How was Nunavut created?

A
  • First land claim for a new territory was submitted by the Inuit
    Tapirisat of Canada to the federal government in 1976
    From there multiple organizations formed to negotiate land claims
23
Q

Describe the politcal divisons since the 1970s about Nunavut

A

Concept of a political division grew since the 1970s
Inuit Tapirisat Corporation drafted a proposal for Political Development which outlined four guarantees

24
Q

What were the four guarantees

A
  • Inuit ownership of land rich in non-renewable resources
  • Inuit power over land management
  • Inuit rights to resource royalties
  • Commitment from Ottawa to negotiate self-government
25
Q

What was the plebiscite in 1982

A

Proposal for political development rsulted in the plebiscite by the NWT legislative assembly

26
Q

What was the Nunavit constitutional forum

A

Established to make plans for the division
* All aspects of policies had to be agreed upon prior to split
* Resources, environment, governmental programs
* Boundaries of the new territory

27
Q

When was agreement about Nunavut split agreed upon

A

1990
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement signed by Tunngavik Federations and federal govern
ment negotiators

28
Q

Which acts passed on June 10th 1993? what did they do?

A
  • Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act passed
    10 June 1993
  • Transferred $1.1 billion dollars to the Inuit government over 14 years
  • Granted Inuit ownership to over 350,000 square kilometres
  • Granted Inuit rights to hunt, fish and trap throughout the territory
29
Q

Following ratification in 1993 describe what happened after

A

1999: Nunavut separated from the NWT
January 2024: Devolution agreement signed

30
Q

When was the establishment of Inuit artistic cooperatives

A

1949
Organized first large-scale exhibit and sale of Inuit art in Montreal
* 1949
* All items sold out
* Led to establishments of cooperatives throughout arctic
communities
* Printmaking
* Carving

31
Q

What is Katajjaq

A

traditional throat singing
Both a competitive and cooperative game between two female
singers
* Sing in cooperation with each other rapidly until one person stops
* Modern interpretations of traditional vocalization (Tanya Tagaq)

Anthropology (13 decks)

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