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Anthropology > Eastern Woodlands > Flashcards

Eastern Woodlands Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the Eastern Woodlands

A

Southern Ontario
Gaspe region of Quebec
Maritime provinces

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2
Q

Brief summary of the Paleo Indian Period (Temperature, human occupation, culture, tools)

A

Deglaciation around 12,000 BP
Earliest occupation 10,600 BP
Clovis and Folsom projectile points
Variety of chert used to make tools
Hide covered temporary wooden tents

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3
Q

Describe the Debert site (where, what did they find, date, tools)

A

Central Nova Scotia
Testing found five Paleo Indian sites

  • 10,600 BP
  • Fluted points
  • Small seasonal camps used by multi-generational groups
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4
Q

Describe the Sheguiandah Site (Where, occupation until when?

A

Manitou island
Up until the woodland period

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5
Q

Describe Ontario and Quebec in the Archaic period (When, which culture)

A

7,500 - 3,000 BP
Western Ontario: shield archaic culture

Eastern Ontario and Quebec: Laurentian culture

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6
Q
A
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6
Q

How did copper usage shift around 3,500 BP in Old Copper Culture

A

Used more for personal adornment than utilitarian tools

Unequal presence of adornment in burials showing shift in social structure, less egalitarian

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6
Q

Describe the tools and practices of Laurentian Culture

A

Atlatl
Barbed harpoon

Earliest burials recorded in Ontario
Ground stone

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Describe old copper culture (When, how did they use copper, what did they make with copper)

A

5,500 BP
Intensive use of cupper as a raw material
Abundant copper deposits in the area
Cold hammered
Variety of used: hunting and fishing, household, personal adornment, trade item

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7
Q

What is the Susquehanna tradition (origin, tools, practices, disappear date)

A

Susquehanna river of Pennsylvania
Used chippped stone tools form lithics found in easter US
Burial practices different from local cultures
Disappear by 3,000 BP

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7
Q

What is the Great Hiatus (Date, What happened

A

After 9,000 BP human habitation in the Maritimes practically disappears

9,000-5,000 BP
Region may have been abandoned due to environmental conditions but its controversial

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7
Q

Why is the Maritimes mystery still a thing

A

Issue of site visibility and accessibility

Not enough data to create classifications

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7
Q

Describe the cultures in the Maritimes After 5,000 BP

A
  • Maritime Archaic: Nova Scotia, Southern New Brunswick
  • Laurentian Culture: Northern New Brunswick
  • Susquehanna tradition: Southern New Brunswick Coast
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8
Q

Describe the early woodland period in the Eastern Woodlands (date, technology, subsistence, cultural differences)

A

3,000- 1,000 BP
Use of pottery technology
Little changes with regards to subsistence
Distinction seen between Quebec/Ontario and Maritime groups
Cultural identities inferred from ceramic styles

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8
Q

What was the cultures found in Ontario and Quebec during the early Woodlands (6)

A

Laurel tradition (3000-1000 BP)
Meadowood Culture (3000-2500 BP)
Point Peninsula Culture (2700-1000 BP)
Saugeen Culture (2200-1900 BP)
Hopewell Culture (2200-1500 BP)
Princess Point Culture (1500-1000 BP)

8
Q

What is cow point cemetery (where, culture, describe what was found)

A

South central new brunswick
Laurentian culture
Community cemetery
Elaborate grave goods

9
Q

Describe the Laurel tradition in the early woodland period in the Eastern Woodlands (Date, where, pottery/lifeway)

A
  • 3,000 – 1,000 BP
  • Western Great Lake region to Quebec
  • Same lifeways and pottery styles as seen in Eastern Subarctic
  • Burial mounds
10
Q

Describe the Meadowood Culture in the early woodland period in the Eastern Woodlands (Date, where, characteristics, pottery style, stone, social equality)

A
  • 3,000 – 2,500 BP
  • St. Lawrence River region at the mouth to Lake Ontario
  • Defined solely from burials
  • Meadowood projectile points
  • Pottery style named Vinette 1
  • Birdstone
  • Ground stone gorgets and pipe
  • Inequality in grave goods
11
Q

Describe the Point Peninsula Culture in the early woodland period in the Eastern Woodlands (Date, where, characteristics, Descended from who, pottery style, characteristic goods, statuses)

A
  • 2,700 – 1,000 BP
  • Southern Ontario around Lake Huron and Lake Ontario, Southern Quebec
    Descended from Laurentian
  • Ceramic style more refined than Meadowood
  • Exotic goods
  • Suggests hereditary status
  • Suggests hereditary status
  • Suggests hereditary status
12
Q

Describe the Saugeen Culture in the early woodland period in the Eastern Woodlands (Date, where, characteristics, culture similarity, characteristic goods, burials, influenced by who, migration)

A
  • 2,200 – 1,900 BP
  • Southern tip of Ontario between Lake Ontario and Lake Huron on the
    Bruce Peninsula
  • Similar to Point Peninsula Culture
  • Contained exotic burial goods
  • Hopewell influence
  • Seasonal migration with larger semi-permanent structures
13
Q

Who are the Hopewell culture (date, social structure, burials, characteristic)

A
  • Hopewell Culture in Ohio River Valley
  • 2,200 – 1,500 BP
  • Tribal society where a great deal of power was invested in central individual
  • Elaborate burial traditions and mounds
  • Earthworks
14
Q

What is the Hopewell Interaction Sphere

A
  • Observe goods originating from Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico
  • Proposed that goods were not acquired through trade
  • Obtained from direct contact
15
Q

Describe the Princess point culture in the early woodland period in the Eastern Woodlands (Date, where, characteristics, what did they bring to Ontario, displaced who, subsistence and ceramic traditions)

A
  • 1,500 – 1,000 BP
  • Even more southern tip of Ontario between Lake Ontario and Lake Huron on the Bruce Peninsula
  • Introduction of horticulture to Ontario
    Displaced Saugeen culture
  • Shift in subsistence impacts other aspects of behaviour
    Shift in ceramic traditions
16
Q

Describe the Late woodland to European contact period (date, how many large cultural traditions observed today)

A
  • 1,000 – 500 BP
  • Three distinct large cultural traditions that are observed today
  • Western Ontario and Great Lakes into Quebec
17
Q

Describe the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) in the Late woodland to European contact period (social and cultural practices)

A
  • Increased reliance on horticulture
  • tobacco smoking
    dog burials
    ritual cannibalism
18
Q

In the Maritimes what is the period from 3,000 BP to European contact referred to as? What are the two distinct Algonquian traditions

A

Ceramic period
Maliseet
Micmac

19
Q

What is the Maliseet Algonquian tradition (subsistence, residence, resources)

A

Subsistence based on maritime resources
Permanent residences along shorelines
Used inland resources on a very seasonal basis

20
Q

What is Micmac Algonquian tradition (technology, habitation, movement)

A

Technology and habitation similar to Maliseet
Subterranean housing
darts, bow/arrow, canoe
Seasonal movements more varied

21
Q

What was the Wabanaki Confederacy

A

Confederacy of east coast Indigenous nations formed in response to English expansion
No centralized capital
governed by elected sakoms or tribal leaders

Anthropology (13 decks)

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