Eastern Woodlands Flashcards
Where are the Eastern Woodlands
Southern Ontario
Gaspe region of Quebec
Maritime provinces
Brief summary of the Paleo Indian Period (Temperature, human occupation, culture, tools)
Deglaciation around 12,000 BP
Earliest occupation 10,600 BP
Clovis and Folsom projectile points
Variety of chert used to make tools
Hide covered temporary wooden tents
Describe the Debert site (where, what did they find, date, tools)
Central Nova Scotia
Testing found five Paleo Indian sites
- 10,600 BP
- Fluted points
- Small seasonal camps used by multi-generational groups
Describe the Sheguiandah Site (Where, occupation until when?
Manitou island
Up until the woodland period
Describe Ontario and Quebec in the Archaic period (When, which culture)
7,500 - 3,000 BP
Western Ontario: shield archaic culture
Eastern Ontario and Quebec: Laurentian culture
How did copper usage shift around 3,500 BP in Old Copper Culture
Used more for personal adornment than utilitarian tools
Unequal presence of adornment in burials showing shift in social structure, less egalitarian
Describe the tools and practices of Laurentian Culture
Atlatl
Barbed harpoon
Earliest burials recorded in Ontario
Ground stone
Describe old copper culture (When, how did they use copper, what did they make with copper)
5,500 BP
Intensive use of cupper as a raw material
Abundant copper deposits in the area
Cold hammered
Variety of used: hunting and fishing, household, personal adornment, trade item
What is the Susquehanna tradition (origin, tools, practices, disappear date)
Susquehanna river of Pennsylvania
Used chippped stone tools form lithics found in easter US
Burial practices different from local cultures
Disappear by 3,000 BP
What is the Great Hiatus (Date, What happened
After 9,000 BP human habitation in the Maritimes practically disappears
9,000-5,000 BP
Region may have been abandoned due to environmental conditions but its controversial
Why is the Maritimes mystery still a thing
Issue of site visibility and accessibility
Not enough data to create classifications
Describe the cultures in the Maritimes After 5,000 BP
- Maritime Archaic: Nova Scotia, Southern New Brunswick
- Laurentian Culture: Northern New Brunswick
- Susquehanna tradition: Southern New Brunswick Coast
Describe the early woodland period in the Eastern Woodlands (date, technology, subsistence, cultural differences)
3,000- 1,000 BP
Use of pottery technology
Little changes with regards to subsistence
Distinction seen between Quebec/Ontario and Maritime groups
Cultural identities inferred from ceramic styles
What was the cultures found in Ontario and Quebec during the early Woodlands (6)
Laurel tradition (3000-1000 BP)
Meadowood Culture (3000-2500 BP)
Point Peninsula Culture (2700-1000 BP)
Saugeen Culture (2200-1900 BP)
Hopewell Culture (2200-1500 BP)
Princess Point Culture (1500-1000 BP)
What is cow point cemetery (where, culture, describe what was found)
South central new brunswick
Laurentian culture
Community cemetery
Elaborate grave goods
Describe the Laurel tradition in the early woodland period in the Eastern Woodlands (Date, where, pottery/lifeway)
- 3,000 – 1,000 BP
- Western Great Lake region to Quebec
- Same lifeways and pottery styles as seen in Eastern Subarctic
- Burial mounds
Describe the Meadowood Culture in the early woodland period in the Eastern Woodlands (Date, where, characteristics, pottery style, stone, social equality)
- 3,000 – 2,500 BP
- St. Lawrence River region at the mouth to Lake Ontario
- Defined solely from burials
- Meadowood projectile points
- Pottery style named Vinette 1
- Birdstone
- Ground stone gorgets and pipe
- Inequality in grave goods
Describe the Point Peninsula Culture in the early woodland period in the Eastern Woodlands (Date, where, characteristics, Descended from who, pottery style, characteristic goods, statuses)
- 2,700 – 1,000 BP
- Southern Ontario around Lake Huron and Lake Ontario, Southern Quebec
Descended from Laurentian - Ceramic style more refined than Meadowood
- Exotic goods
- Suggests hereditary status
- Suggests hereditary status
- Suggests hereditary status
Describe the Saugeen Culture in the early woodland period in the Eastern Woodlands (Date, where, characteristics, culture similarity, characteristic goods, burials, influenced by who, migration)
- 2,200 – 1,900 BP
- Southern tip of Ontario between Lake Ontario and Lake Huron on the
Bruce Peninsula - Similar to Point Peninsula Culture
- Contained exotic burial goods
- Hopewell influence
- Seasonal migration with larger semi-permanent structures
Who are the Hopewell culture (date, social structure, burials, characteristic)
- Hopewell Culture in Ohio River Valley
- 2,200 – 1,500 BP
- Tribal society where a great deal of power was invested in central individual
- Elaborate burial traditions and mounds
- Earthworks
What is the Hopewell Interaction Sphere
- Observe goods originating from Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico
- Proposed that goods were not acquired through trade
- Obtained from direct contact
Describe the Princess point culture in the early woodland period in the Eastern Woodlands (Date, where, characteristics, what did they bring to Ontario, displaced who, subsistence and ceramic traditions)
- 1,500 – 1,000 BP
- Even more southern tip of Ontario between Lake Ontario and Lake Huron on the Bruce Peninsula
- Introduction of horticulture to Ontario
Displaced Saugeen culture - Shift in subsistence impacts other aspects of behaviour
Shift in ceramic traditions
Describe the Late woodland to European contact period (date, how many large cultural traditions observed today)
- 1,000 – 500 BP
- Three distinct large cultural traditions that are observed today
- Western Ontario and Great Lakes into Quebec
Describe the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) in the Late woodland to European contact period (social and cultural practices)
- Increased reliance on horticulture
- tobacco smoking
dog burials
ritual cannibalism
In the Maritimes what is the period from 3,000 BP to European contact referred to as? What are the two distinct Algonquian traditions
Ceramic period
Maliseet
Micmac
What is the Maliseet Algonquian tradition (subsistence, residence, resources)
Subsistence based on maritime resources
Permanent residences along shorelines
Used inland resources on a very seasonal basis
What is Micmac Algonquian tradition (technology, habitation, movement)
Technology and habitation similar to Maliseet
Subterranean housing
darts, bow/arrow, canoe
Seasonal movements more varied
What was the Wabanaki Confederacy
Confederacy of east coast Indigenous nations formed in response to English expansion
No centralized capital
governed by elected sakoms or tribal leaders
