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Anthropology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When was anthropology developed

A

during the Age of Enlightenment (14th-17th century)

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2
Q

Describe the origins of anthropology

A

Prior to formalization: religious texts were the only source of information on ancient human past (Archbishop James Ussher:4004 BC, Rabbinical estimates: 3700 BC)

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3
Q

Origins of Museums

A

“Cabinets of curiosities”
Created by aristocracy of Europe
Private collections of natural and cultural objects
Not scientific based
Only accessible to elites

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4
Q

What was the British Museum

A

First public museum founded in 1753
Many items taken without permission of the groups who owned
them or the national governments
* British were the colonial power in the region
* Increased calls for repatriation
* Stemming from both Indigenous groups and nations

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5
Q

Who was Charles Darwin

A

Put forward the idea of human evolution
Introduced the idea of natural selection

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6
Q

What is natural selection

A
  • Populations have a diversity of traits
  • Some traits more advantageous to survival in a particular environment
  • What traits are advantageous can change with environmental change
  • What is best adapted changes – no such thing as a “superior” trait
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7
Q

What is evolutionism

A
  • Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)
  • Conducted fieldwork in North America
  • League of the Iroquois (1851)
  • Unilineal evolution
  • Cultures pass through progressive stages
  • Stages are marked by technological and social structures
    Progress through the stages is inevitable
    ethnocentrism
  • Three stages
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8
Q

Three stages of evolutionism

A

Savagery: Fire, bow and arrow, pottery, Nomadic hunter/gatherer subsistence
Barbarism: Agriculture, animal domestication, metalworking, sedentary
Civilization: Alphabet, writing, state society

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9
Q

how did evolutionism justify colonialism and assimilation

A
  • Not cultural genocide
  • Aiding the inevitable advancement of culture to its highest form
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10
Q

How did we depart from evolutionism

A
  • Later theorists departed from the concept of inevitable unilinear
    cultural development
  • Began to adopt ideas of cultural relativism
  • Salvage anthropology
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11
Q

What is cultural relativism

A
  • Examining cultures on their own terms and not within a predetermined
    ranking system
  • Recognize the uniqueness of individual cultures
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12
Q

What is salvage anthropology

A
  • Anthropologists viewed Indigenous societies as “living laboratories”
    where they could potentially understand European culture history
  • Thought that Indigenous societies would disappear
  • Needed to be recorded
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13
Q

Who was Franz Boas

A
  • Franz Boas (1858 - 1942)
  • “Father of American
    Anthropology”
  • Baffin Island
  • Northwest Coast
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14
Q

What is historical particularism

A
  • Originated in United States
  • Relativism
  • Culture is unique
  • Culture and culture change not result of inevitable evolutionary
    progression: Traits develop for any number of reasons, independent invention, stressed role of diffusion
  • Focus on historical inquiry
  • Limited to a culture or a cultural area
  • Understood culture and traits through reconstruction of history
  • Original fieldwork
  • Insider (emic) perspective
  • Data collection
  • Basis for conclusions - not preconceived theories
  • Avoid generalizations and comparisons
  • Favored “Thick Description”
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15
Q

How was archaeology developed

A
  • Occurred concurrently with the development of anthropological
    theory
  • Earliest excavations took place at mound features in what is now
    the eastern United States
  • 18 to 230 metres in diameter, up to 18 metres high
  • Speculated that they were constructed by the Lost Tribe of Israel
  • Excavated by Thomas Jefferson
  • Proof of Indigenous origin
  • Mississipian Culture
  • Burials or locations of prominent residences or religious sites
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16
Q

how do the indigenous cultures view time

A

Non linear
* Events are stressed over creating a chronology
* Cyclic and interwoven – no distinct differences between the past, present and
future
* Continuity in time connects present individuals with ancestors and the unborn
* Bridges the physical and spiritual world
* Relationships and responsibilities exist between the living, the deceased, and
those to be born

17
Q

How do western science and archaeology see time

A
  • Western science and archaeology is based in linear time
  • Everything is placed in a set sequence and chronology
  • Prior to 1950 in North American archaeology objects were placed
    in relative chronologies
  • After 1950 with the development of radiocarbon dating it was
    possible to place a calendar date onto organic objects
  • Bone, wood, charcoal
  • Provide a date on when the plant, animal, or individiual died
  • Before Present (BP) – before 1950
18
Q

Current archaeological evidence places human occupation of
North America potentially began about _______ years ago. How did they get there

A

24, 000
Alaska and Yukon
Migrating from Asia across the Bering Land Bridge

19
Q

When was Saskatchewan occupied

A

10, 000 years ago

20
Q

What is the Clovis theory

A
  • Dominant concept in North American archaeology
  • Clovis peoples first to arrive in the continent
  • Associated with Clovis style spear point – first found near Clovis, New
    Mexico
  • Concept has been challenged by earlier dates from sites in
    southern North America and South America
  • Contend that the early dates from these sites are due to:
  • Contaminated radiocarbon dates
  • Dates obtained from bone or charcoal that was not deposited due to
    human activities
21
Q

What is Ice free corridor migration

A
  • Postulates that humans traveled through the gap between the
    Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice sheets
  • Present-day Alberta
  • Advocated by Clovis First theorists
  • Question as to if it was navigable during the period of initial
    human migration
22
Q

Describe coastal migration

A
  • Groups moved along the ice-free shoreline of Alaska and British
    Columbia south
  • Aided by the lower sea levels
  • Sites now covered by water
  • Isostatic rebound
23
Q

Describe the solutrean hypothesis

A
  • European populations from the Solutré region in France crossed
    over to eastern North America on Atlantic pack ice
  • About 21,000 years ago
  • Based on the similarity in design between Clovis points in North
    America and Solutrean points
  • Proposed in the 1970s
24
Q

What is the controversy of the first human migrations in north america

A
  • Issue is the long period of time between the two point styles
  • Solutrian points appeared about 21,000 years ago, but the oldest
    Clovis points are about 11,500 years ago
  • Similarities likely due to independent invention in two different
    regions
  • Has been adopted by white supremacist groups as evidence that
    their ancestors are the original inhabitants of North America
25
Q

describe the early precontact period

A

after clovis
* Following the initial colonization of North America regional
cultural variations develop
* Groups adapt to varied landscapes they inhabit and the local
resources that are available to them
* Traditional knowledge based upon observing and responding to
the seasonal life cycles of their regions

Anthropology (13 decks)

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