Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Characterize emotions

A
  • They are a complex reaction patter to personally relevant events (physical and social challenges and opportunities)
  • They involve experiential, behavioural/expressive and physiological elements
  • They are short-lived and specific (towards specific people or events)
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2
Q

What is the James-Lange theory?

A
  • Emotions are the result of perceiving bodily changes in response to some stimulus in the environment

STIMULUS —> PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE —> EMOTIONAL RESPONSE

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3
Q

What are the issues with the James-Lange theory?

A
  • It can take quite a bit of time for the body to respond to some types of emotional stimuli, and even longer for these bodily impulses to make their way back to the brain
  • Bodily changes are not always enough to produce emotional experience
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4
Q

What is the Canon-Bard theory?

A
  • Bodily response and emotional experience occur at the same time following a stimulus
                     Physiological response
                  / STIMULUS
                  \
                     Emotional response
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5
Q

What are the issues with the Canon-Bard theory?

A
  • Our physiological responses to emotions are quite general
    • It is not easy to distinguish the bodily changes associated with different emotions
  • Why do we have the subjective impression that our bodies are doing things in different emotional states?
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6
Q

How does the study of emotional experience in patients with spinal cord injuries support the James-Lange and Canonbard theories?

A
  • Ps incapable of receiving feedback from their autonomic nervous system
  • Ps still experience emotions but they are less intense
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7
Q

What is the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory?

A
  • Physiological changes are crucial for emotional experience, but emotion involves cognitive judgments bout the source of these changes, not just the perception of these changes
  • Emotional responses are the result of an interpretative label applied to a bodily response.
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8
Q

What are the findings of the experimental test of the schachter-singer theory?

A
  • Ps receive epinephrine injection and are told it is a vitamin. They were in two conditions where they were either meeting with an angry confederate or an euphoric confederate. Ps exposed to angry confederate reported feeling angry and ps exposed to euphoric confederate reported feeling happy.
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9
Q

Explain the functionalist view of emotions.

A
  • Emotions serve important functions
  • The emotional responses provide a toolkit for solving problems
  • They help direct and prioritize our attention, interpret events, move us to action, mobilize resources, provide important social signalling functions
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10
Q

Explain the evolutionary perspective of emotions.

A
  • Emotions are biologically-based, genetically encoded adaptations that emerged in response to selection pressures, threats to survival faced by our ancestors
  • Can be found in other species
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11
Q

What does fear do?

A
  • Increases vigilance to threat-related cues
  • Focus attention on identifying available resources and avenues of escape
  • Shifts motivational state
  • Changes the sympathetic nervous system (increased heart rate, respiration) —> helps prepare for physical exertion
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12
Q

What does shame do?

A
  • Key emotional response to threats to the social self
  • Characteristic behavioural display; head down, slumped posture, averted gaze
  • Thought to serve as a social signal that functions as an appeasement strategy to reduce social conflict
  • Increase in pro inflammatory cytokines
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13
Q

What are focal emotions?

A

-Emotions that are particularly common within a culture
Ex: shame more common in interdependent cultures

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14
Q

Explain the Affect valuation theory.

A

Emotions that promote important cultural ideals will be more valued and will be more focal.

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15
Q

What is display rules?

A

Culturally specific rules that govern how, when and to whom people express emotions

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16
Q

What are the benefits of happiness?

A
  • Better work performance and greater productivity
  • Greater creativity
  • Stronger social relationships
  • Better health
17
Q

What is the broaden-and-build hypothesis?

A

Positive emotions broaden our patterns of thinking, helping us expand our understanding of the world and other people

18
Q

Explain affective forecasting.

A

Predicting what one’s emotional reactions to potential future events will be.
We are often mistaken about them and mostly when it comes to predicting the intensity and duration of the emotions we will feel.

19
Q

What is the psychological immune system?

A
  • System of largely non-conscious cognitive processes that help us change our view of the world, so we can feel better about the world we find ourselves in
20
Q

Explain the immune neglect

A

It is the failure to take the effects of the psychological immune system into account when making our affective forecasts

21
Q

What is the hedonic treadmill?

A
  • While good and bad events may temporarily affect happiness, people quickly adapt and return to their baseline levels of happiness.
22
Q

Name the concept:
- Tendency to focus too much on the occurrence in question and fail to consider other events that are likely to occur at the same time.

A

Focalism

23
Q

Name the concept:
- The most intense positive or negative moments (the peaks) and the final moments (the end) of the experience are most heavily weighted in our recollections of the experience.

A

Peak-end rule

24
Q

What is the duration neglect?

A
  • Our memory of the overall pleasantness of an event is not strongly influenced by the length of the emotional experience.