Lecture 5.2: Bones and joints of the Upper Limb Flashcards
Describe the structure of the upper limb
1 proximal bone: humerus
2 distal bones: ulnar and radius
Pentadactyl hand
Thumb rotated 90 degrees
Describe the shoulder girdle
Attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton; Clavicle and scapula are the bones of the shoulder girdle
Describe the clavicle
-Long bone
-Has 2 types of ends; acromial(wider) and sternal.
Acromial joins with the scapula and sternal joins with the sternum
Describe the scapula
- Flat bone
- Located POSTERIALLY is a SPINE!
- Has a ‘spine’/ridge across it; leads to the shoulder; here it is called the ACROMION PROCESS
What is ‘fossae’ in the scapula?
It is depressions in the scapula; it is where muscles attach; we have 2 of them; one below and one above the scapula
What is the glenoid fossa?
Is a ‘hollow’ part of the scapula where the head of the humerus attaches
What are the processes in the scapula called?
acromion (end of spine) and coracoid(anterior)
Describe the structure of the humerus
Has a large bulb as the ‘head’, two types of necks; anatomical and surgical, greater and lesser tuberosities, bicipital groove, medial and lateral epicondyles, and condyles (2)
What is the anatomical vs surgical head of the humerus?
Anatomical: where the hyaline cartilage ends
Surgical: where the humerus begins to taper
Surgical more frequently fractured than the anatomical; AUX nerve affected if so.
What are tuberosities?
A rough projection or protuberance of a bone, used for the attachment of a muscle.
What is the bicipital groove?
a deep groove on the humerus between the greater tube from the lesser tube. The bicep tendon runs through here
What are epicondyles and condyles?
a smooth and round articular surface. Usually, a condyle is round, enlarged, and is present at the end of a bone. The main function of a condyle is to articulate with the next bone.
Epicondyle is any projection of the bone that is present on or upon a condyle. Although located on the condyle, the function of an epicondyle is different. Provides a surface for attachment of muscle and ligament is the
Name the condyles we have in the humerus
Trochlea (right) and capitulum (left)
Name the epicondyles we have in the humerus
Medial and lateral
What are the bones of the forearm called?
Ulna (medial) and Radius (lateral)
What links the ulna with the radius?
Interosseous membrane
Look at diagram and identify the following:
- Trochlea and radial notch of the ulna
- Tuberosities; olecranon, coronoid, styloid
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Look at diagram and identify the following:
- Head of radius
- Ulnar notch
- Carpal articulation
- Radial tuberosity
- Styloid process
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What are phalanges?
Bones of the toes/fingers
How many phalanges does our hands have?
Each finger: 3
Thumb: 2
What are metacarpals?
The ‘long bones’ in the hands
What are the two carpal bones that articulate with the radius?
Lunate and scaphoid
What is the major rule of the upper limb?
Mobility vs Stability; can’t have BOTH
What are the joints of the clavical?
Acromioclavicular joint: joint between the clavicle and the acromio process
Sternoclavicular joint: upper limb connecting to the axial skeleton; sternum to clavical
What kind of joints are acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular?
Acro: plane; weak
Sterno: saddle; strong
What is the coracoclavicular ligament?
connects the acromioclavicular joint to the coracoid process of the scapula
What is the glenohumeral joint?
Between the shallow glenoid fossa of the scapula and the humerus head; ball and socket joint
HELPS STABILISE
What is a structure that keeps the head of the humerus against the glenoid fossa?
A tendon of the biceps brachii muscle; it runs through the bicipital groove
glenoid labrum
‘socket’ is deepened
What joints support/stabilise the shoulder joint (glenohumeral)?
- Coracoacromial ligament
- Long head of biceps
- Rotator cuff muscles
Name the rotator cuff muscles, what do they do?
Supraspinatus, Intraspinatus, Teres minor, subscapularis
They hold the head of the humerus in place; with the glenoid (ball and socket)
Why is the coracoacromial ligament unusual?
It connects on the same bone; scapula. Usually ligaments connect 2 different bones
What is the ‘scapulo-thoracic’ joint?
Not a true joint!!! It describes the movement of the scapula across the thoracic cage; rotation of 180 degrees abduction and flexion
What is the proximal radioulnar joint?
between the head of radius and radial notch of ulna
What is the anular ligament?
Loops around the radius and pulls it towards the humerus
What is the distal radioulnar joint?
Between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch on the distal radius
What is the radiocarpal joint?
Joint between the radius and the 2 carpals; lunate and scaphoid
How many carpal/metacarpals do we have?
8 carpal, 5 metacarpal
Name the joints between the metacarpals/carpals (3)
- Midcarpal; between the top and bottom row of carpals
- Plane type: between metacarpals and carpals
- Saddle: Thumb and carpal
What is the costaclavicular ligament?
connects the clavicle to the ribs
Where and what does the coracoacromial ligament do?
it is on top of the glenohumeral joint; it prevents this joint from superior dislocation
