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ANATOMY MST 2 > Lecture 5.1: Vertebral column & back > Flashcards

Lecture 5.1: Vertebral column & back Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebraes do we have?

A

33 in total

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2
Q

What is the “axial” skeleton?

A

It’s where our upper and lower limbs ‘hang’ off. Skull, rib, vertebral column.

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3
Q

Name the regions of the vertebral column

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx

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4
Q

What structures compose the vertebral column?

A

Distinct vertebrae, intervertebral joints and discs, intervertebral foramen and vertebral canal

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5
Q

What is the “vertebral canal/foramen”?

A

It’s the hole we can see in each vertebrae, where the spinal column passes through. (top view)

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6
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen?

A

The hole that is formed when two vertebrae are joined together (side view)

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7
Q

Describe the development of the structure of the vertebral column

A

When we are born, we have a PRIMARY ‘C’ shaped curvature. Months after we are born, we develop our SECONDARY lumbar and cervical regions.

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8
Q

What are the names of some abnormal curvatures that may occur? Describe them. (3)

A
  1. Kyphosis: hunchback
  2. Scoliosis: Spine is not straight
  3. Abnormal lordosis: Sway back; opposite of hunch
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9
Q

What type of bone are vertebrae?

A

IRREGULAR BONES

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10
Q

What is the structure of the BODY of the vertebrae like?

A

It has bone in the middle, covered by the epiphyseal ring (cartilage)

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11
Q

What is a “process”? And name the ones we have

A

A projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body. IT may be used as a muscle attachment point, for leverage…
Transverse, spinous, articular.
Articular has 2 inferior and 2 superior

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12
Q

What are pedicles?

A

A stub of bone that connects the lamina to the vertebral body to form the vertebral arch.

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13
Q

What forms the vertebral foramen? i.e What are the structures that make the circle?

A

Pedicles and lamina

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14
Q

Describe the vertebral arch

A

Vertebral body; coming off on both sides is the pedicles, then coming off these is the lamina, that are joined. On the left and right of the lamina is the transverse processes and straight in the middle is the spinous process.

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15
Q

How many vertebrae is each part composed of?

A 
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacrum: 5
Coccyx: 4
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16
Q

What does the cervical and thoracic support?

A

Cervical: weight of head
Thoracic: ribs

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17
Q

Describe the spinal cord; length + placement

A

The spinal cord runs through the vertebral column but NOT ALL THE WAY; terminates at L1. This is where the cauda equina begins. As we grow older, our vertebral column grows longer than our spinal cord, outgrowing it.

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18
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

A bundle of spinal nerves and roots. L2-L5

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19
Q

How is the spinal cord protected?

A

It is covered by meninges; dura, arachnoid and pia mater

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20
Q

What sort of things run through the intervertebral foramen?

A

MIXED spinal nerves, vessels

21
Q

How are spinal nerves named? Exception?

A

For CERVICAL: nerves are named by which vertebrae they “sit” on
For THORACIC: nerved are named by which vertebrae is on TOP of the nerve
The exception is C8; we only have up to C7 but because of the naming convention, there is a C8 nerve

22
Q

Where are each type of spinal nerves located?

A

Motor: ventral horn
Sensory: dorsal root ganglion
Mixed: anterior and posterior rami in the intervertebral foramen

23
Q

What are rami

A

Is a “branch”; They contain both sensory and motor components

24
Q

What are the types of vertebral joints?

A
  1. Intervertebral

2. Zygapophyseal

25
Q

What are intervertebral discs/joints? Describe their structure.

A
  • Join adjacent vertebral bodies
  • Secondary cartilaginous joints
  • In the middle is the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS, covered by the ANULUS FIBROSUS
26
Q

What is the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS, ANULUS FIBROSUS?

A

Nucleus pulposus: a hydrated ‘gel’; water

Anulus fibrosus: multi layered fibre, connects to the epiphyseal ring

27
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus like in adults vs children?

A

adults: dried out
child: hydrated

28
Q

Describe the structure of the anulus fibrosis

A

Each layer is different; either oriented like / or like . This enables movement in all directions without tearing, and also resists excessive movement. When we ‘twist’, one type tightens while the other loosens; therefore never twist+lift!

29
Q

Describe the features of the nucleus pulposus

A

Deformable but not compressible. Shock absorber

30
Q

What are zygapophyseal (facet) joints?

A

They are plane synovial joints (permits gliding in one axis). It is where articular processes join.

31
Q

What is the difference between articular processes in the T and L vertebra?

A

T: orientated in the coronal plane, permits rotation
L: orientated in the sagittal plane: permits flexion and extension

32
Q

What is the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments?

A

inter: connect adjoining spinous processes of the vertebra in the spine
supra: found along the vertebral colum; covers it

33
Q

What is the ligamenta flava?

A

Elastic; connect the lamin of adjacent vertebrae, all the way from the second vertebra, axis, to the first segment of the sacrum.

34
Q

What are superficial/extrinsic muscles of the back?

A

‘FAKE’ They all attach to and act on the upper limb; one attachment to back, the other to limb

35
Q

Name the superficial/extrinsic muscles of the back

A
  1. Trapezius
  2. Latissimus Dorsi
  3. Levator scapulae
  4. Rhomboid; major and minor
36
Q

What does the trapezius connect?

A

Spine + scapula

37
Q

What does the rhomboid connect?

A

back + scapula

38
Q

What does the latissimus connect?

A

T and L vertebrae, with humerus

39
Q

What are deep/intrinsic muscles of the back? What are the two groups called?

A

They are the TRUE back muscles; they all attach to and act on the back.
Erector spinae and transversospinalis

40
Q

What is erector spinae?

A

Group of TRUE back muscles: they are LONG, ‘prime’ movers, allows us to stand straight, and ben down; flexion

41
Q

What is transversospinalis?

A

Group of TRUE back muscles; they are SHORT, act as stabilisers; prevents excess movement

42
Q

What is lumbar fascia?

A

Surrounds the lower back muscles and ‘binds’ them; provides attachments for extrinsic muscles of the back and erector spinae
forms tight compartment for the intrinsic muscles; enhanced their actions

43
Q

Bulge; herniation; extrusion?

A

When the disc bulges, pokes out, and a part leaves, into the vertebral foramen.

44
Q

What is osteophytes?

A

Vertebrae rub against each other, thinning down the cartilage/disc; loses fluid there… can affect the nerves that run there

45
Q

In what region does the spinal cord terminate?

A

L1/L2

46
Q

What kind of joint are intervertebral discs?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joints; has both hyaline and fibrocartilage

47
Q

Nucleus pulposus: deformable? compressable? Features?

A

Deformable but not compressable. SHOCK ABSORBERS

48
Q

What are the different types of spinal ligaments we have?

A
  1. Anterior longitudinal ligament
  2. Posterior longitudinal ligament
  3. Interspinous ligament
  4. Supraspinous ligament
49
Q

What is the ligamentum flavum?

A

Covers the laminas; allows them to separate a little for flexion; VERY ELASTIC

ANATOMY MST 2 (9 decks)

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