Lecture 51+52+DLA Flashcards
Physical Child Abuse (PCA)
Acts of violence by adults against children. Can include a range of acts, and types of injuries; allowance for reasonable corporal punishment by parents
Child Sexual Abuse
Contacts or interactions between a child
and an adult when the child is being used for the sexual stimulation of the perpetrator or another person
under 18
much older than the victim
Child Neglect
Failure to provide basic physical health care,
supervision, nutrition, personal hygiene, emotional nurturing, education, and safe housing.
psychological maltreatment
A repeated pattern of damaging interactions between parent(s) and child that becomes typical of the relationship
the pattern can be chronic and pervasive
occurs with potentiating factors (alcohol)
Intimate partner violence (IPV)
is abuse or aggression that occurs in a romantic relationship. “Intimate partner” refers to both current and former spouses and dating partners.
can be: verbal psychological sexual mild/severe physical battering
elder abuse
An Intentional aggressive or invasive behavior/action or threat of same, inflicted on an older adult and resulting in harmful effects for the older adult
- Physical
- Sexual
- Emotional/Psychological
- Financial
- Neglect
DIKW hierarchy model
data- raw; unorganized facts
information - processed organized data
knowledge - application of info
wisdom - evaluated understanding
information system vs information technology
IS: incorporates technology, people, and processes
IT: falls under the umbrella of IS
involves design, implementation, maintenance of the technology
biomedical informatic vs health informatic
Health informatics is applied research and
practice of clinical medicine and public health.
Biomedical informatics is the core scientific
discipline as it is applicable across basic human
biology and the broad spectrum of health
biomedical informatic vs bioinformatics
Bioinformatics combines biology, computer science, and information technology to further the knowledge of biological genomic and conduct research to discover cures
Biomedical informatics analyzes bioinformatic data sets to customize cures for patients and streamline care processes in healthcare facilities
types of transplants
auto, iso, allo, and xeno
Autograft – grafts from yourself ▪ Isograft – grafts from an identical twin ▪ Allograft – grafts from the human species ▪ Xenograft – grafts from a different species
barriers to transplantation
supply and immune rejection
allograft rejection
first-set rejection
primary immune response
leukocytes take 3-7 days
full rejection by 10-14 days
second set rejection
due to immunologic memory
takes 3-4 days (start)
full rejection (5-6 days)
stages of the allograft rejection
- sensitization stage:
Lymphocytes (T cells) of the recipient proliferate in response to antigens on the graft - effector stage
host immune system will attack the graft
Th cells
direct vs indirect allorecognition
direct: T cells will recognize unprocessed allogenic MHC molecule on graft APC
indirect: the T cell will recognize the processed peptide of allogenic MHC molecule on host APC
hyperacute rejection
less than 24 hours
pre-existing ab
ex: xenotransplant
acute rejection
will take 10-14 days are the transplant
T cells
cytokines
chronic rejection
months or longer
humoral and cell mediated
humoral (lymphatic infiltration of graft)
cell-mediated (rejection vasculitis)
Graft-versus-host Disease (GVHD)
Bone marrow transplant recipient (immunocompromised)
However, lymphocytes from donor (graft) attack allogenic antigens of recipient
Symptoms:
– Skin rxns, GI hemorrhage, liver failure, splenomegaly
Treatment:
– Cyclosporin A, methotrexate
central vs peripheral tolerance
ways to protect individual from self-reacting lymphocytes
central - deleting T or B clones before maturity
if they have receptors that recognize self-antigens with
great affinity
peripheral - kills lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissue
peripheral tolerance may be induced by?
may be induced by the Treg cells (unique group of CD4 T cells)
can be able to suppress immune system
can induce cell death
causes of autoimmunity
tolerance can break down in the thymus or in the periphery
genetic due to HLA mutation
release of sequestered antigens due to tissue trauma
infections
inappropriate MHC expression (DM)
inappropriate CTLA-4 expression or mutation
immune privileged sites and examples
Sites in the body where foreign antigens or tissue
grafts do not elicit immune responses
ex: brain (?), eye, testis, placenta
CTLA-4
expressed on the Treg cells and by activated T cells
normally an inhibitory signal (CD80 and CD 86) (B7-1 and B7-2)
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
type II autoimmune
antibody directed against the Rh blood group
Automimmune thrombocytopenia purpura
Type II autoimmune
antibody directed against platelets integrin or glycoprotein
Goodpasture syndrome
type II
antibodies directed against type IV collagen (anti-basement membrane), which results in basement membrane disruption
kidney damage and pulmonary hemorrhage
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
systemic autoimmune
type III
typically middle aged women
fever weakness, arthritis, skin rash, kidney problems
Produce auto-Abs to DNA, histones, platelets, leukocytes, clotting factors
Excessive complement activation (C3 down)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
chronic inflammation of the joints
Produce auto-Abs that bind Fc portion of IgG
circulating in blood that creates immune complexes
type IV mechanism of autoimmune
T cell response
ex:
type I DM
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
a combination of Type II cytotoxic and Type IV
middle aged women
target is thyroid antigens ( mainly TPO)
can get a goiter
hypothyroidism
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
type IV
ab’s against the beta cells that produce insulin
Multiple sclerosis
type IV
numbness, paralysis, vision loss
inflammatory lesions in the myelin caused by T cells
