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Term 3 test 2 > Lecture 35+36+DLA > Flashcards

Lecture 35+36+DLA Flashcards

1
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A 
Protozoa
uses pseudopodia 
may invade the colon and lead to bloody diarrhea 
amoebic liver abscess
asexual reproduction
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2
Q

Balantidium coli

A

Protozoa
ciliated
lives in the colon of pigs, humans and rodents can get colonic ulcer

asexual reproduction

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3
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

flagella protozoan

lives in the small intestine that leads to malabsorption

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4
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

A

Protozoa
non-motile
usually seen in more immunocompromised people
can reproduced asexually and sexually

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5
Q

Cyclospora cyatenensis

A

Protozoa
non-motile
parasitizes the small intestine muscosa
may cause diarrhea

reproduce sexually and asexually

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6
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Protozoa
flagellate
urogenital parasite
sexually transmitted

reproduces asexually

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7
Q

plasmodium spp.

A

Protozoa
non-motile
transmitted by mosquito

the reason for malaria

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8
Q

Leishmania spp

A

flagellate protozoan

transmitted by sand flies

h visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

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9
Q

Trypanosoma

A

flagellate protozoan causes:

sleeping sickness = tsetse fly

chaga disease = transmitted by kissing bug

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10
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

Protozoa
found in freshwater

can invade the nasal mucosa into the brain and leads to rapidly progressing primary acute meningoencephalitis

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11
Q

Acanthamoeba spp.-

A

Protozoa
found in soil and water

Infection of the eye causes a keratitis resulting in
eye pain, redness, tearing and potential loss of vision

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12
Q

Metazoa- routes of transmission

A

fecal-oral
direct skin penetration
ingestion
insect vector

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13
Q

Metazoa-Physiology & Reproduction

A

can be free living or parasitic
multicellular
acquire nutrition by host by active or passive absorption
reproduce sexually or asexually

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14
Q

Clinical symptoms associated with helminthic infections

A

mechanical blockage
pressure from the growing parasite
nutritional deficiency
long term damage and ongoing immune stimulation

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15
Q

Significance of Polyparasitism

A

co-infection
commonly occurs with roundworm (helminths or protozoa)

Helminth co-infections can enhance morbidity for other infectious diseases, e.g., tuberculosis and HIV

significant for appropriate prevention and control

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16
Q

Symptoms associated with nematode infections

A

mostly asymptomatic

lungs:
asthma or cough

intestines:
bloody stools
general GI symptoms
malnutrition and weight loss

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17
Q

general features of nematodes (round worms)

A

cylindrical body with complete digestive tract
have hooks and suckers to attach to mucosa
will produce eggs in host sexually

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18
Q

Ascaris (roundworm)

A

nematodes
usually seen in places with poor hygiene
transmitted by fecal-oral route

live in the small intestine (adult)
causes eosinophilia

19
Q

Enterobius (pinworm)

A

nematode
fecal-oral route
found mainly in children worldwide

20
Q

Trichuris (whipworm)

A

nematode
fecal-oral route
Can cause diarrhea, rectal prolapse and anemia in heavily-infected people

21
Q

Ancylostoma and Necator (hookworms)

A

nematode
acquired by skin penetration
major cause of anemia in tropical areas

22
Q

Strongyloides

A

nematode
acquired by skin penetration
inhibits the small intestine

Infection more severe in immunocompromised people (e.g. HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, intercurrent
disease)

23
Q

Toxocara

A

nematode
infection of dogs and cats
human interaction occurs when eggs are in feces
common in kids and can lead to migraines

24
Q

Trichinella

A

nematode
consumption of infected and unfrozen or poorly cooked meat
Encysted larvae occur in striate muscle and symptoms
occur based on location

25
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

A

filarial nematode
transmitted by the black fly

visual impairment
blindness
severe itching of the skin

26
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Filarial nematodes
The major causative agent of lymphatic
filariasis

27
Q

Brugia malayi

A

Filarial nematodes
A microfilarial parasite that causes lymphatic
filariasis

28
Q

Trematodes (flukes)-General features

A

dead end digestive system

Trematode life cycle involves more than one
host, a mollusk and a vertebrate

29
Q

Fasciolopsis buski (intestinal fluke)

A

parasite of humans and pigs

will live in the upper intestine
lead to inflammation, ulceration, and small intestine hemorrhage

30
Q

Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke)

A

This parasite is acquired by ingestion of infective

metacercariae in raw or pickled crustaceans

31
Q

Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke)

A

a parasite of sheep and humans

get infected when ingesting freshwater plants,

lives in the bile ducts of the liver

Fascioliasis can lead to severe anemia in humans

32
Q

Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese liver fluke)

A

Acquired by ingestion of infective metacercariae in raw,

pickled, smoked fish

33
Q 
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and Taenia
solium (pork tapeworm)
A

causes cysticercosis worldwide

acquired by ingestion of contaminated, uncooked beef and pork that contain cystercerci

Taenia solium causes neurocysticercosis (pork)

34
Q 
Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm) and
Echinococcus multilocularis (rodent tapeworm)
A

Hydatid disease occurs when the larval stages of these organisms are ingested

The larvae may develop in the human host and cause lesions in several organs

35
Q

what are the 4 types of medical battery

A
  1. no consent to any procedure
  2. consent to a different procedure
  3. same procedure, different body part
  4. same procedure, same body part, different doc
36
Q

medical malpractice

A

Negligence, often unintentional, existing duty of care

Breach duty of care

Breach of standard of care caused the patient’s injury

Patient suffered damages because of the injury

37
Q

medical battery

A

acted with intent
patient did not agree to action
harmful or offensive action
no need to prove injury or negligence

38
Q

what are the elements of informed consent

A

competence
disclosure (what would they want to know before consenting)
understanding (what does the patient understand about how it impacts them)
voluntariness
authorization

39
Q

reasonable patient

A

disclose any major risk

disclose any minor risk

40
Q

reasonable physician

A

Disclose only risks widely agreed among physicians and the medical profession

41
Q

Competence

A

Legal determination by a court that applies to all decisions

42
Q

Insanity

A

Legal determination by a court in relation to criminal responsibility

43
Q

Capacity

A

Clinical determination that is decision specific

ability to understand and make a choice
ability to communicate that choice
can fluctuate

ex:
dementia, under age, mental disability

Term 3 test 2 (11 decks)

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