Lecture 35+36+DLA Flashcards
Entamoeba histolytica
Protozoa uses pseudopodia may invade the colon and lead to bloody diarrhea amoebic liver abscess asexual reproduction
Balantidium coli
Protozoa
ciliated
lives in the colon of pigs, humans and rodents can get colonic ulcer
asexual reproduction
Giardia lamblia
flagella protozoan
lives in the small intestine that leads to malabsorption
Cryptosporidium parvum
Protozoa
non-motile
usually seen in more immunocompromised people
can reproduced asexually and sexually
Cyclospora cyatenensis
Protozoa
non-motile
parasitizes the small intestine muscosa
may cause diarrhea
reproduce sexually and asexually
Trichomonas vaginalis
Protozoa
flagellate
urogenital parasite
sexually transmitted
reproduces asexually
plasmodium spp.
Protozoa
non-motile
transmitted by mosquito
the reason for malaria
Leishmania spp
flagellate protozoan
transmitted by sand flies
h visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Trypanosoma
flagellate protozoan causes:
sleeping sickness = tsetse fly
chaga disease = transmitted by kissing bug
Naegleria fowleri
Protozoa
found in freshwater
can invade the nasal mucosa into the brain and leads to rapidly progressing primary acute meningoencephalitis
Acanthamoeba spp.-
Protozoa
found in soil and water
Infection of the eye causes a keratitis resulting in
eye pain, redness, tearing and potential loss of vision
Metazoa- routes of transmission
fecal-oral
direct skin penetration
ingestion
insect vector
Metazoa-Physiology & Reproduction
can be free living or parasitic
multicellular
acquire nutrition by host by active or passive absorption
reproduce sexually or asexually
Clinical symptoms associated with helminthic infections
mechanical blockage
pressure from the growing parasite
nutritional deficiency
long term damage and ongoing immune stimulation
Significance of Polyparasitism
co-infection
commonly occurs with roundworm (helminths or protozoa)
Helminth co-infections can enhance morbidity for other infectious diseases, e.g., tuberculosis and HIV
significant for appropriate prevention and control
Symptoms associated with nematode infections
mostly asymptomatic
lungs:
asthma or cough
intestines:
bloody stools
general GI symptoms
malnutrition and weight loss
general features of nematodes (round worms)
cylindrical body with complete digestive tract
have hooks and suckers to attach to mucosa
will produce eggs in host sexually
Ascaris (roundworm)
nematodes
usually seen in places with poor hygiene
transmitted by fecal-oral route
live in the small intestine (adult)
causes eosinophilia
Enterobius (pinworm)
nematode
fecal-oral route
found mainly in children worldwide
Trichuris (whipworm)
nematode
fecal-oral route
Can cause diarrhea, rectal prolapse and anemia in heavily-infected people
Ancylostoma and Necator (hookworms)
nematode
acquired by skin penetration
major cause of anemia in tropical areas
Strongyloides
nematode
acquired by skin penetration
inhibits the small intestine
Infection more severe in immunocompromised people (e.g. HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, intercurrent
disease)
Toxocara
nematode
infection of dogs and cats
human interaction occurs when eggs are in feces
common in kids and can lead to migraines
Trichinella
nematode
consumption of infected and unfrozen or poorly cooked meat
Encysted larvae occur in striate muscle and symptoms
occur based on location
Onchocerca volvulus
filarial nematode
transmitted by the black fly
visual impairment
blindness
severe itching of the skin
Wuchereria bancrofti
Filarial nematodes
The major causative agent of lymphatic
filariasis
Brugia malayi
Filarial nematodes
A microfilarial parasite that causes lymphatic
filariasis
Trematodes (flukes)-General features
dead end digestive system
Trematode life cycle involves more than one
host, a mollusk and a vertebrate
Fasciolopsis buski (intestinal fluke)
parasite of humans and pigs
will live in the upper intestine
lead to inflammation, ulceration, and small intestine hemorrhage
Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke)
This parasite is acquired by ingestion of infective
metacercariae in raw or pickled crustaceans
Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke)
a parasite of sheep and humans
get infected when ingesting freshwater plants,
lives in the bile ducts of the liver
Fascioliasis can lead to severe anemia in humans
Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese liver fluke)
Acquired by ingestion of infective metacercariae in raw,
pickled, smoked fish
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
causes cysticercosis worldwide
acquired by ingestion of contaminated, uncooked beef and pork that contain cystercerci
Taenia solium causes neurocysticercosis (pork)
Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm) and Echinococcus multilocularis (rodent tapeworm)
Hydatid disease occurs when the larval stages of these organisms are ingested
The larvae may develop in the human host and cause lesions in several organs
what are the 4 types of medical battery
- no consent to any procedure
- consent to a different procedure
- same procedure, different body part
- same procedure, same body part, different doc
medical malpractice
Negligence, often unintentional, existing duty of care
Breach duty of care
Breach of standard of care caused the patient’s injury
Patient suffered damages because of the injury
medical battery
acted with intent
patient did not agree to action
harmful or offensive action
no need to prove injury or negligence
what are the elements of informed consent
competence
disclosure (what would they want to know before consenting)
understanding (what does the patient understand about how it impacts them)
voluntariness
authorization
reasonable patient
disclose any major risk
disclose any minor risk
reasonable physician
Disclose only risks widely agreed among physicians and the medical profession
Competence
Legal determination by a court that applies to all decisions
Insanity
Legal determination by a court in relation to criminal responsibility
Capacity
Clinical determination that is decision specific
ability to understand and make a choice
ability to communicate that choice
can fluctuate
ex:
dementia, under age, mental disability
