Lecture 37+38+DLA

Question 1

the fungal cell wall

Answer 1

It acts as a pressure barrier and defensive structure that is simultaneously highly antigenic

is made out of chitin, beta (1,3) and (1,6) glycans, mannose modified proteins, and GPI

has ergosterol instead of cholesterol

Question 2

fungal reproduction

Answer 2

can be asexual or sexual

asexual:
occur by budding or also asexual spores

sexual:
fuses haploid gametes to produce a transient
diploid zygote, which then produces haploid spores

Question 3

primary mycoses

Answer 3

respiratory portal; inhaled spores

Question 4

cutaneous and superficial fungal patho

Answer 4

contamination of the skin surface

Question 5

subcutaneous fungal patho

Answer 5

inoculated skin; trauma

Question 6

The four major types of fungal diseases

Answer 6

1. hypersensitivity- allergic reaction to spores/molds
2. mycotoxicosis - poisoning of man/animal by feeds/products contaminated by toxin producing fungi
3. mycetismus- ingestion of pre-formed toxins (mushroom)
4. infection- mycoses

Question 7

virulence factors of fungi

Answer 7

thermal dimorphism, toxin production, capsules and

adhesion factors, hydrolytic enzymes, inflammatory stimulants

Question 8

body defenses against fungi

Answer 8

integrity of the barriers and respiratory cilia

cell mediated immunity, phagocytosis, and inflammation

long term immunity can be developed

Question 9

Ascomycota

Answer 9

Sexual reproduction in a sack called an ascus with the
production of ascopspores

most human fungi pathogens

ex: Candida albicans

Question 10

Basidiomycota

Answer 10

-Sexual reproduction in a sack called a basidium with the production of basidiospores

common in mushrooms

Question 11

Zygomycota

Answer 11

sexual reproduction by gametes and asexual reproduction with the formation of zygospores

Question 12

Mitosporic Fungi (Fungi Imperfecti)

Answer 12

no recognizable form of sexual reproduction. Includes most pathogenic fungi.

Question 13

Pityriasis (Tinea) versicolor

Answer 13

caused by the dimorphic Malassezia furfur, which infects skin and alters color. M. furfur fluoresces under UV light

Question 14

Tinea Nigra

Answer 14

caused by Hortaea werneckii, causes skin to

darken

Question 15

Black piedra

Answer 15

is a superficial infection of the hair shaft caused

by Piedra hortae. Also white piedra

Question 16

Onychomycosis

Answer 16

fungal infection of fingernails and toenails

caused by Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes.

Question 17

Sporotrichosis

Answer 17

a subacute or chronic granulomatous infection, often following lymphatics, caused by the soil fungus Sporothrix schenckii

Question 18

mycetoma (or eumycetoma)

Answer 18

a granulomatous inflammation that may extend beneath the subcutaneous region to bone

Pigmented nodules may drain through sinuses and produce colored grains which are helpful in identification

Question 19

Chromoblastomycosis

Answer 19

is an infection that forms warty pigmented lesions which grow outward from site of introduction

Question 20

Candidiasis

Answer 20

opportunistic

Candida albicans causes superficial skin infection, oral cavity, genitalia, large intestine

Forms off-white, pasty colony with a yeasty odor

Causative agent of thrush, vulvovaginal yeast infection and cutaneous candidiasis

Question 21

Aspergillosis

Answer 21

opportunistic

Very common airborne soil fungus, usually infecting lungs

Serious opportunistic threat to AIDS, leukemia, and transplant patients

Invasive aspergillosis can involve many organs

Question 22

Cryptococcosis

Answer 22

Cryptococcus neoformans inhabits soil around pigeon roosts, usually infecting lungs and other organs, notably, brain

Common infection of AIDS, cancer or diabetes patients

Question 23

Zygomycosis/mucormycosis

Answer 23

Saprobic fungi found in soil, water, organic debris, and food

usually harmless, but can invade nose, eyes, heart, and brain of people with diabetes and malnutrition, with severe consequences

Question 24

Pneumocystis

Answer 24

Pneumocystis jiroveci, a small, unicellular fungus that causes pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), the most prominent opportunistic infection in AIDS patients

Can be rapidly fatal if not controlled with medication

Question 25

the exceptions to confidentiality

Answer 25

1. gunshot wound or stabbing
2. abuse or neglect
3. communicable diseases
4. neurological impairment that affects driving
5. patient is a danger to others

Question 26

medical malpractice

Answer 26

you can perform the treatment correctly but…

beach of informed consent… if the appropriate disclosures were nor made

beach of confidentiality if the disclosures were made to someone other than the patient

Question 27

predicting malpractice

Answer 27

High risk: 
age 
surgical specialty
coverage in the ER 
more days away from work
previous case

low:
understand ones emotions
answering calls quickly
talking to patients

Question 28

malpractice litigation

Answer 28

1. duty - patient must prove that the physician owed legal duty of care
2. breach of duty- fails to abide by the standard of care (failure to disclose info; might not have consented)
3. causation- breach of duty caused harm
4. damages - the physicians breach of care resulted in physical, mental, financial harm