Lecture 31+32+DLA

Question 1

Hot-Cold Theory of Disease (Latin America)

Answer 1

To maintain health, the body’s internal balance must be maintained between the opposing powers of hot and
cold.

symbolic power contained in most substances

Question 2

Amok

Answer 2

Brooding, followed by intense, hyperactive or violent
behavior, persecutory ideas, amnesia, and exhaustion.

Usually among men

Question 3

Ataque de Nervios

Answer 3

Uncontrollable shouting, crying, trembling, feelings of heat in the chest rising to the head, numbness, aggressive behavior, seizures, fainting

Gradual build-up, followed by acute onset of symptoms, then attack precipitated by stressful event

Usually found in women 45 years and older, who have
experienced a traumatic event or have an existing psychiatric disorder

Question 4

Koro

Answer 4

Sudden and intense anxiety that the penis is shrinking and will recede into the abdomen and cause death

Question 5

susto

Answer 5

Belief that individual is composed of physical body and one or more immaterial souls that my become detached and wander

Follows an unsettling event or disturbance of nature by the victim

Appetite and sleep disturbances, listlessness, depression, lack of interest in self

Sufferers believe that their soul has left their body.

Question 6

Taijin Kyofusho

Answer 6

Intense fear that one’s body displeases, embarrasses, or is offensive to others.

Question 7

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 7

Intense anxiety and pathological misperception about one’s body image

Person engages in extreme, self-destructive behaviors to change one’s body, including self-starvation

Can result in serious illness or death

Question 8

The Explanatory Model of Illness

Answer 8

an individual’s personal interpretation of disease

Open communication, beginning with the patient’s
explanatory model, fosters mutual respect and is the
key to cultural insight.

Question 9

CLAS Standards

Answer 9

To advance health equity
To improve quality
To help eliminate health care disparities

Question 10

Culturally Competent Care

Answer 10

Health care that is sensitive to the needs and health
status of different population groups.

Ex:
demographics, culture, language, risk factors, major diseases

Question 11

capsomere

Answer 11

viral (protein) subunits that assemble into capsid

Question 12

nucleocapsid

Answer 12

genome assembled into the capsid

Question 13

envelope

Answer 13

outer layer that originates from the host membranes and covers the capsid to maintain aqueous solution

Question 14

tegument

Answer 14

a cluster of proteins that line the space between the envelope and nucleocapsid

Question 15

virus capsid function

Answer 15

The virus capsid serves to protect the nucleic acid genome. It is held together by non-covalent, reversible hydrophobic or hydrogen bonds

capsid proteins: 
define species 
assembling of virus 
assist in viral or host gene regulation 
evade/block the immune system

Question 16

Icosahedral capsid

Answer 16

basic protomers assemble into pentamers

roughly spherical

5-3-2 axes

Ex: poliovirus

Question 17

Helical capsule

Answer 17

seem rod shape (form around the genome)

capsomeres bind to the viral genome in a normal way

Question 18

complex capsule

Answer 18

Ex: poxviruses

Bacteriophages or phages (bacterial viruses) exhibit complex symmetry (nonsymmetrical)

Question 19

cone shaped capsule

Answer 19

Retroviruses, e.g., human immunodeficiency virus

HIV

Question 20

a 3 layer capsid that contains 11 dsRNA segments

Answer 20

rotaviruses

Question 21

glycoproteins-viral attachment protein (VAP)

Answer 21

a protein that is rich in the viral envelope

facilitate in host cell entry

Question 22

enveloped viruses

Answer 22

sensitive to inactivation by organic solvents

transmitted by large droplets; fluids

Question 23

naked viruses

Answer 23

usually resistant to inactivation
transmitted fecal-oral route, fomites, small droplets
released from infected cells by lysis

Question 24

The stages of viral replication

Answer 24

1. attachment to specific host receptors
2. penetration
3. uncoating (releases nucleic acids)
4. macromolecular synthesis
   early mRNA and protein synthesis (shut off host cell)
   replication of the genome
   late mRNA and protein synthesis (structural)
5. posttranslational modification
6. assembly of new viral particles

Question 25

two types of bacteriophages?

Answer 25

1. virulent (lytic) = kills the host following the infection
2. lysogenic (temperate) = phage undergoes lysogeny wherein the host is not immediately killed and the phage genome becomes a prophage

Question 26

fusion of the enveloped virus?

Answer 26

Virus glycoproteins attach to host cell receptors, envelope-membrane fusion occurs, capsid enters, is uncoated and virus is released

ex: HIV

Question 27

endocytosis and acidification of enveloped viral entry

Answer 27

Host cell cytoplasmic membrane wraps around virus and brings it inside, the capsid is uncoated and the viral genome is released into the host cell

Question 28

penetration of unenveloped viruses

Answer 28

Virus attaches to host cell receptors, sinks into cell membrane, and injects its genome through a pore into the cell (direct entry)

endocytosis:
Host cell cytoplasmic membrane wraps around virus and brings it inside, the capsid is uncoated and the viral genome is released into the host cell.

Question 29

the release of the virus

Answer 29

Exocytosis causes the viral capsid to grab cellular membrane in a form of an envelope which is laced with viral proteins. It is most commonly observed for enveloped viruses

Cell lyses is most commonly observed for non-enveloped viruses

Question 30

Overgeneralization

Answer 30

Individual variation exists within cultures.

Cultural descriptions will not apply to each individual within a culture

Question 31

Ethnocentrism

Answer 31

The tendency to assume that one’s own way of life (culture) is superior to the culture of others.

Question 32

Cultural Competence

Answer 32

a set of congruent behaviours, knowledge, attitudes,
and policies that come together in a system, organization, or among professionals that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations

Question 33

Cultural Humility

Answer 33

Lifelong attitude and approach to cultural

competence