Lecture 31+32+DLA Flashcards
Hot-Cold Theory of Disease (Latin America)
To maintain health, the body’s internal balance must be maintained between the opposing powers of hot and
cold.
symbolic power contained in most substances
Amok
Brooding, followed by intense, hyperactive or violent
behavior, persecutory ideas, amnesia, and exhaustion.
Usually among men
Ataque de Nervios
Uncontrollable shouting, crying, trembling, feelings of heat in the chest rising to the head, numbness, aggressive behavior, seizures, fainting
Gradual build-up, followed by acute onset of symptoms, then attack precipitated by stressful event
Usually found in women 45 years and older, who have
experienced a traumatic event or have an existing psychiatric disorder
Koro
Sudden and intense anxiety that the penis is shrinking and will recede into the abdomen and cause death
susto
Belief that individual is composed of physical body and one or more immaterial souls that my become detached and wander
Follows an unsettling event or disturbance of nature by the victim
Appetite and sleep disturbances, listlessness, depression, lack of interest in self
Sufferers believe that their soul has left their body.
Taijin Kyofusho
Intense fear that one’s body displeases, embarrasses, or is offensive to others.
Anorexia Nervosa
Intense anxiety and pathological misperception about one’s body image
Person engages in extreme, self-destructive behaviors to change one’s body, including self-starvation
Can result in serious illness or death
The Explanatory Model of Illness
an individual’s personal interpretation of disease
Open communication, beginning with the patient’s
explanatory model, fosters mutual respect and is the
key to cultural insight.
CLAS Standards
To advance health equity
To improve quality
To help eliminate health care disparities
Culturally Competent Care
Health care that is sensitive to the needs and health
status of different population groups.
Ex:
demographics, culture, language, risk factors, major diseases
capsomere
viral (protein) subunits that assemble into capsid
nucleocapsid
genome assembled into the capsid
envelope
outer layer that originates from the host membranes and covers the capsid to maintain aqueous solution
tegument
a cluster of proteins that line the space between the envelope and nucleocapsid
virus capsid function
The virus capsid serves to protect the nucleic acid genome. It is held together by non-covalent, reversible hydrophobic or hydrogen bonds
capsid proteins: define species assembling of virus assist in viral or host gene regulation evade/block the immune system
Icosahedral capsid
basic protomers assemble into pentamers
roughly spherical
5-3-2 axes
Ex: poliovirus
Helical capsule
seem rod shape (form around the genome)
capsomeres bind to the viral genome in a normal way
complex capsule
Ex: poxviruses
Bacteriophages or phages (bacterial viruses) exhibit complex symmetry (nonsymmetrical)
cone shaped capsule
Retroviruses, e.g., human immunodeficiency virus
HIV
a 3 layer capsid that contains 11 dsRNA segments
rotaviruses
glycoproteins-viral attachment protein (VAP)
a protein that is rich in the viral envelope
facilitate in host cell entry
enveloped viruses
sensitive to inactivation by organic solvents
transmitted by large droplets; fluids
naked viruses
usually resistant to inactivation
transmitted fecal-oral route, fomites, small droplets
released from infected cells by lysis
The stages of viral replication
- attachment to specific host receptors
- penetration
- uncoating (releases nucleic acids)
- macromolecular synthesis
early mRNA and protein synthesis (shut off host cell)
replication of the genome
late mRNA and protein synthesis (structural) - posttranslational modification
- assembly of new viral particles
two types of bacteriophages?
- virulent (lytic) = kills the host following the infection
- lysogenic (temperate) = phage undergoes lysogeny wherein the host is not immediately killed and the phage genome becomes a prophage
fusion of the enveloped virus?
Virus glycoproteins attach to host cell receptors, envelope-membrane fusion occurs, capsid enters, is uncoated and virus is released
ex: HIV
endocytosis and acidification of enveloped viral entry
Host cell cytoplasmic membrane wraps around virus and brings it inside, the capsid is uncoated and the viral genome is released into the host cell
penetration of unenveloped viruses
Virus attaches to host cell receptors, sinks into cell membrane, and injects its genome through a pore into the cell (direct entry)
endocytosis:
Host cell cytoplasmic membrane wraps around virus and brings it inside, the capsid is uncoated and the viral genome is released into the host cell.
the release of the virus
Exocytosis causes the viral capsid to grab cellular membrane in a form of an envelope which is laced with viral proteins. It is most commonly observed for enveloped viruses
Cell lyses is most commonly observed for non-enveloped viruses
Overgeneralization
Individual variation exists within cultures.
Cultural descriptions will not apply to each individual within a culture
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to assume that one’s own way of life (culture) is superior to the culture of others.
Cultural Competence
a set of congruent behaviours, knowledge, attitudes,
and policies that come together in a system, organization, or among professionals that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations
Cultural Humility
Lifelong attitude and approach to cultural
competence
