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NEURO MIDTERM1 > LECTURE 5- sensory receptors , pain science > Flashcards

LECTURE 5- sensory receptors , pain science Flashcards

1
Q

How many neurons pathways are there to the somatosensory cortex

A

3

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2
Q

what is the 1st order neuron

A

info from the sensory receptors to SC or BS

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3
Q

what is the 2nd order neuron

A

info betweeen SC or brain stem to thalamus

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4
Q

what is the 3rd order neuron

A

info from the thalamus to cerebral cortex

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5
Q

what is a receptor

A

converts stimulate energy into AP

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6
Q

what determines the type of receptors that are activated and pattern of signal transmission

A

stimulus

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7
Q

what is somatic senses

A

tactile, thermal pain , proprioception

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8
Q

what is visceral senses

A

conditions within internal organs

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9
Q

what are specialized senses

A

smell, taste, vision, hearing , balance and equilibrium

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10
Q

where are exteroceptor and what do they detect

A

at or near the body surface and detect external stimuli

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11
Q

where are interoceptors and what do they react to

A

deep and react to stimuli coming form internal body. organs (BH, blood pH)

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12
Q

examples of chemoreceptors

A

smell and taste

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13
Q

example of mechanoreceptors

A

touch
pressure
stretch
vitbratoin

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14
Q

what does each type of receptor have that are sensitive to stimuli that either damage or have potential to damage tissue

A

nociceptors

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15
Q

what are nociceptors

A

register pain

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16
Q

where are proprioceptors found

A

muscles , tendons , ligaments

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17
Q

what does tonic receptors detect and how do they adapt and how do they respond

A

detect object pressure and form
slow adapting
respond continuously as long as stimulus is present

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18
Q

what does phasic receptors adapt to , how do they adapt and what do they detect

A

adapte to continuous stimulus and then stop responding even if stimulus is present
fast adapting
detect motion, vibration , rate of change

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19
Q

what is the order of the peripheral sensory axons / afferents of decreasing diameter

A

la, lb, ll, lll, lV

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20
Q

where is there greater density of receptors

A

in distal body regions

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21
Q

what is considered to be superficial cutaneous receptors

A

meisners corpuscles (light touch , vibration)
merkel’s disk (pressure

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22
Q

what is in the subcutaneous cutaneous receptors

A

pacinian courpuscle
ruffinis ending

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23
Q

what are the 3 components of the sensory system

A

stimulus , receptors, conduction

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24
Q

what are the 4 attributes to condution

A

modality , location , intensity, duration

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25
Q

where are the 3 levels in the somatosensory system where signal processing for integration occur

A

receptor level
circuit level
perceptual leve

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26
Q

what is the speed of information processing determined by

A

axon diameter
amount of axon myelination
# of synapses in pathway

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27
Q

what is released when the AP goes above threshold

A

neurotransmitters

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28
Q

what circuit level processing is when synapses can spread action potentials to several areas of CNS

A

divergence

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29
Q

what is the convergence circuit level processing

A

synapses focus action potentials from several sensory neurons onto 1 narrowed area of CNS

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30
Q

what is perceptual level processing

A

sensory nerve tracts carry impulses to respective region of brain

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31
Q

What is a dermatome

A

skin area that is related to 1 spinal level

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32
Q

what is distal latency

A

time form stim to distal recording site

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33
Q

what is the pathology of peripheral nerve

A

neuropathy

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34
Q

what does nerve compression impact first and last

A

first - large myelinated axions and smaller nociceptive thermal and autonomic axons last

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35
Q

what can cause sensory ataxia

A

peripheral sensory nerves , dorsal roots, dorsal columns of SC or medial lemnisci

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36
Q

patients with _____ axatia will have similar motor performance eyes open/closed

A

cerebellar

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37
Q

what will be intact with cerebellar ataxia and impaired with sensory ataxia

A

proprioception/kinesthesia

38
Q

what is a painful skin rash with blisters following a dermatome pattern

A

shingles/ herpes zoster

39
Q

what is treatment for varicella zoster

A

antiviral drugs within 72 hours post onset

40
Q

what are free nerve endings that respond to noxious stimuli

A

nociceptors

41
Q

where are nociceptors located

A

skin, muscle joints

42
Q

what is the malfunction of neural pain regulating processes causes pain without the presence of tissue injury

A

non- nociceptive pain

43
Q

what central processing areas are active during perception of pain

A

cingulate and insular

44
Q

enkephalins , dynorphin , and b- endorphins are examples of what

A

endorphins

45
Q

what brain regions have opiate receptors that bind with both endorphins and opiates

A

rostral ventromedial medulla
periaquedcutal gray in midbrain
locus coeruleus in pons

46
Q

what are the inhibitory neurons in the SC of endogenous opioids

A

enkephalin and dynorphin

47
Q

what type of fibers are nocicpetive and non- nocicpetive

A

C and AB

48
Q

what theory is the activation of non- nociceptive sensory neurons close a “gate” for central trasnmission of nociceptive signals

A

gate control theory

49
Q

what does periphery pain inhibition do

A

decrease synthesis of prostaglandins

50
Q

what does the dorsal horn release for pain inhibition

A

enkeohalin or dynorphin

51
Q

what type of pain can MSK injury’s trigger

A

fast and slow pain

52
Q

what is pain that is perceived as coming from site distinctly different from actual OG site

A

referred pain

53
Q

referred pain is usually referred from _____ tissues to ___

A

visceral to skin

54
Q

what is primary pain

A

neural dysfunction that creates pain without evidence of tissue damnage

55
Q

• Fibromyalgia
• Complex regional pain syndrome
• Chronic nonspecific low back pain
migraine HA’s

are examples of

A

primary pain

56
Q

what is secondary pain

A

initially a symptom of another medical condition

57
Q

what is secondary pain caused by

A
  1. continuous stimulation for ncicopetors from tissue injury
  2. continued signaling after tissue has healed
  3. damage to somatosensory system
58
Q

where does the central sensitization impact neurons?

A

through CNS
dorsal horn, BS , thalamus , cerebral cortex

59
Q

what causes cellular changes including gene alterations and structural change in central sensitization

A

glutamate and neuropeptides

60
Q

what is abnormal sensation that is painless with no nociceptors stimulation

A

parasthesia

61
Q

what type of sensation do u get with parasthesia

A

tingling

62
Q

what is pain that arises as a direct result of a lesion or disease that affects the somatosensory system

A

neuropathic pain

63
Q

in neuropathic pain , central sensitization is characterized by

A

dysesthesias

64
Q

what is dysesthesias

A

unpleasant sensation that can occur on its own or with stimulation

65
Q

what does dysesthesias feel like

A

burning shooting or electrical sensation like hitting funny bone

66
Q

what i so ain’t hat is caused by something that normally wouldn’t cause pain

A

allodynia

67
Q

what are the 4 types of dysesthesias

A

allodynia
hyperalgesia
spontaneous pain
temporal summation

68
Q

what is primary. hyperalgesia

A

stimuli that are normally mildly painful in injured tissue are causing excessive sensitivity

69
Q

what is secondary hyperalgesia

A

pain spreads to uninjured areas close to injury site

70
Q

what is pain unrealted to external stimulus

A

spontaneous pain

71
Q

what is increased pain due to repeated stimulus or continued prescience of single stimulus

A

temporal summation

72
Q

what disorder is it when people have tenderness and stiffness of muscle and neighboring tissues and achy pain

A

fibromyalgia

73
Q

people with FM have sig less gray matter density where

A

medial frontal cortex, mid cingulate cortex, and insular cortex

74
Q

is complex regional pina syndrome related to peripheral nerve or spinal never root distribution

A

none of

75
Q

complex regional pain syndrome is regional typically worse in

A

unilateral distal limb

76
Q

what is complex regional pain syndrome trigggerd by

A

abnormal response to trauma

77
Q

what is early stage of complex regional pain syndrome

A

res or pale skin
a lot of sweating
edema
skin atrophy

78
Q

Raised levels of neurochemicals that produce peripheral neurogenic inflammation is the pathology for what

A

complex regional pain syndrome

79
Q

complex regional pain syndrome is central sensitization with structural and function changes of

A

• Thalamus
• Somatosensory cortex - reduction of hand or foot cortical maps
• Cingulate cortex
• Hippocampus
• Amygdala

80
Q

what are locations that are outside of the nociceptor or soma that trigger action potentials

A

ectopic foci

81
Q

what is also called cross talk

A

ephaptic transmission

82
Q

what is lack of insulation due to demyelination allows an action potential in 1 neuron to cause an action potential in another neuron

A

ephaptic transmissions

83
Q

small fiber neuropathy is seen in ppl with

A

post herpetic neuralgia
diabetic neuropathy
guillain barre syndrome

84
Q

what pain is Caused by lesion to CNS, localized to area of body deafferented by the lesion

A

central pain

85
Q

what is the great wall of fire

A

burning shooting aching freezing tingling pain

86
Q

what pain is due to absence of sensory inputs causing neurons in central nociceptive pathways to be overly active

A

phantom limb pain

87
Q

what are the “3 D’s” of chronic pain

A

distress
disuse
disability

88
Q

what is the difference from phantom limb sensations and residual limb pain

A

phantom limb sensation is pain to limb that is not there anymore where as residual limb pain is pain where the amputation occurs

89
Q

where does central pain come form post SC

A

coming from thalamus

90
Q

where does central pain come form post stroke

A

thalamus affecting the contralateral body

91
Q

where is the central pain for multiple sclerosis

A

the body part that is affected by the lesion location

NEURO MIDTERM1 (10 decks)

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