Lecture 5: Introduction to Carbohydrates Flashcards
What is the role of carbohydrates? What is the C:H:O ration
-Energy production, recognition and signaling
-1:2:1
What are some examples of monosaccharides
glucose, glactose, fructose, ribose,
What are some examples of dissachrides
sucrose, maltose, lactose
What are some examples of polysaccharides
glycogen, cellulose, chitin, amylose, amylopectin
Humans mainly produce _____________ type of sugars
D Sugars
*we can break down both L and D but D is preferred
____________: compounds that have the same chemical formula but are different in some way
Isomers
_________________ are mirror images
Enatomers
How are L and D isomers different
L OH is on the left side D is on the right side
In terms of polarized light activity what is the difference between L and D glucose?
D glucose polarizes the light to the Right
L glucose polarizes the light to the Left
_______________ differ in only one of their chiral carbons
Epimers
In human cells epimer pairs often can be interconcerted by an enzyme called ____________
epimerase
What is often lost during a cyclization reaction?
Water is often lost
What is the name of the bond between dissachrides and the enzyme involved in the formation of disaccharides
glycosidic bond
glycosyltransferases
What two sugars make of sucrose and what bond is between them
Glucose and fructose
alpha (1,2) glycosidic bond
What two sugars make up lactose and the bond between them
glactose and glucose
Beta (1,4) glycosidic bond
What two sugars make up maltose and the bond between them
glucose and glucose
alpha (1,4)
What is glucogen and what bonds are involved?
Highly branch polymer of glucose. Major storage form of glucose in animals
Alpha (1,4) and (1,6) glycosidic bonds
What is starch?
-Amylose: unbranched, alpha (1,4) glycosidic linkages
-amylopectin: branched; alpha (1,4) and (1,6) glycosidic linkages
What is Cellulose?
-Unbranched glucose polymer in plants Beta (1,4) glycosidic linkages. Humans can not digest
What is a reducing sugar
if the OH group on the anomeric carbon of a cyclized sugar is not linked to another compound by a glycosidic bond, the ring can open
What test can be used to identify reducing sugars in urine? What sugar is typically identified?
Benedict reagent test. Typically shows glucose by turning brick red.
What is a glycoprotein?
The protein is shorter with fewer sugars
What is a proteoglycan?
primarily made of core protein with a long chain of sugars