Lecture 2: cell and tissue types

Question 1

What is cell theory

Answer 1

cells come from other cells and inherit the same genetic material as their predecessors

Question 2

2 principles of cells
__________ stem cells make identical copies of themselves

Answer 2

self renewal

Question 3

2 principles of cells
_______ some of these stem cells suffer changes (most epigenetic) that lead them to have a more specialized behavior

Answer 3

differentiation

Question 4

What are the only true totipotent stem cells

Answer 4

Embryonic stem cells

Question 5

As embryonic stem cells differentiate what is formed

Answer 5

more specialized (pluripotent) stem cells are made such as mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells

Question 6

What are the germs layers

Answer 6

-Ectoderm
-Mesoderm
-Endoderm

Question 7

Does trans differentiation occur across germ layers?

Answer 7

NO

Question 8

_________________
Function: barrier, absorption, secretion
Example: gut, blood vessel lining, covering skin
Special features: tightly bound together by cell junctions,

Answer 8

Epithelial cells

Question 9

___________
function: organize and maintain body structure
example: fibrous support tissue, cartilage, bone
special features: produce and interact with the extracellular matrix material

Answer 9

Support cells

Question 10

_______
Example: muscle
Function: movement
Special features: produce and interact with extracellular matrix material

Answer 10

contractile cells

Question 11

_________
Example: muscle
Function: movement
Special features: filamentous proteins cause contraction

Answer 11

Contractile cells

Question 12

__________________
example: brain or ganglion
function: direct cell communication
special features: release chemical messenger on to surface of other cells

Answer 12

nerve cells

Question 13

________________
example: spermatozoa
function: reproduction
special features: half normal chromosome complement

Answer 13

germ cells

Question 14

_________
example: circulating red and white blood cells
function: oxygen, transport, defense
Special features: recognize and destroy foreign material

Answer 14

immune cells

Question 15

_________________
example: thyroid and adrenal
function: indirect cell communication
special features: secrete chemical messengers

Answer 15

hormone secreting cells

Question 16

__________________
cells: aggregates polyhedral cells
extracellular Matrix: small amount
main functions: lining surface or body cavities

Answer 16

Epithelial

Question 17

___________________
cells: several types of fixed and wandering cells
extracellular matrix: abundant amount
main functions: support and protection of tissues and organs

Answer 17

Connective

Question 18

___________
cells: elongated contractile cells
Extracellular Matrix: abundant amounts
main functions: support and protection of tissues/ organs

Answer 18

Muscle

Question 19

_______________
cells: elongated cells with extremely fine processes
extracellular matrix: very small amount
Main functions: transmission of nerve impulses

Answer 19

Nervous

Question 20

_____________ are distinct groups of tissues that perform specific functions

Answer 20

organs
*simple tissue come together to provide richer, more complex functions

Question 21

Consider the function of the intestine tissues:
What are the function of the following tissues?
-Ciliated columnar epithelium
-connective tissues
-smooth muscle
-vascular tissue

Answer 21

-epithelium for separation of food compartment and absorption
-connective tissue for shape, structure, and space
-smooth muscle tissue for motility of food
-vascular tissue for transport of nutrients

*epithlium is moderately impermiable to water and solutes
*connective tissue is soft
*muscle tissue is stronger

Question 22

What is strength in terms of tissues

Answer 22

The maximum stress that tissue can withstand before failing or tearing. Application tension before skin, muscles, or ligaments tear

Question 23

What is toughness in terms of tissues

Answer 23

The ability to absorb energy and prevent fracture. Application force and angle of impact on bone fractures

Question 24

What is elasticity in terms of tissues

Answer 24

ability and force to return to its original shape. Application: compression of blood by elastic arteries in arterial system leading to systolic and diastolic blood pressure