Lecture 2: cell and tissue types Flashcards
What is cell theory
cells come from other cells and inherit the same genetic material as their predecessors
2 principles of cells
__________ stem cells make identical copies of themselves
self renewal
2 principles of cells
_______ some of these stem cells suffer changes (most epigenetic) that lead them to have a more specialized behavior
differentiation
What are the only true totipotent stem cells
Embryonic stem cells
As embryonic stem cells differentiate what is formed
more specialized (pluripotent) stem cells are made such as mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells
What are the germs layers
-Ectoderm
-Mesoderm
-Endoderm
Does trans differentiation occur across germ layers?
NO
_________________
Function: barrier, absorption, secretion
Example: gut, blood vessel lining, covering skin
Special features: tightly bound together by cell junctions,
Epithelial cells
___________
function: organize and maintain body structure
example: fibrous support tissue, cartilage, bone
special features: produce and interact with the extracellular matrix material
Support cells
_______
Example: muscle
Function: movement
Special features: produce and interact with extracellular matrix material
contractile cells
_________
Example: muscle
Function: movement
Special features: filamentous proteins cause contraction
Contractile cells
__________________
example: brain or ganglion
function: direct cell communication
special features: release chemical messenger on to surface of other cells
nerve cells
________________
example: spermatozoa
function: reproduction
special features: half normal chromosome complement
germ cells
_________
example: circulating red and white blood cells
function: oxygen, transport, defense
Special features: recognize and destroy foreign material
immune cells
_________________
example: thyroid and adrenal
function: indirect cell communication
special features: secrete chemical messengers
hormone secreting cells
__________________
cells: aggregates polyhedral cells
extracellular Matrix: small amount
main functions: lining surface or body cavities
Epithelial
___________________
cells: several types of fixed and wandering cells
extracellular matrix: abundant amount
main functions: support and protection of tissues and organs
Connective
___________
cells: elongated contractile cells
Extracellular Matrix: abundant amounts
main functions: support and protection of tissues/ organs
Muscle
_______________
cells: elongated cells with extremely fine processes
extracellular matrix: very small amount
Main functions: transmission of nerve impulses
Nervous
_____________ are distinct groups of tissues that perform specific functions
organs
*simple tissue come together to provide richer, more complex functions
Consider the function of the intestine tissues:
What are the function of the following tissues?
-Ciliated columnar epithelium
-connective tissues
-smooth muscle
-vascular tissue
-epithelium for separation of food compartment and absorption
-connective tissue for shape, structure, and space
-smooth muscle tissue for motility of food
-vascular tissue for transport of nutrients
*epithlium is moderately impermiable to water and solutes
*connective tissue is soft
*muscle tissue is stronger
What is strength in terms of tissues
The maximum stress that tissue can withstand before failing or tearing. Application tension before skin, muscles, or ligaments tear
What is toughness in terms of tissues
The ability to absorb energy and prevent fracture. Application force and angle of impact on bone fractures
What is elasticity in terms of tissues
ability and force to return to its original shape. Application: compression of blood by elastic arteries in arterial system leading to systolic and diastolic blood pressure
