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BIOL 1110 > Lecture 5: Greening of the Earth > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Greening of the Earth Flashcards

1
Q

Are plants eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes

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2
Q

What are some characteristics of plants?

A

They are multicellular, photoautotrophs, and they have cell walls made of cellulose

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3
Q

What other “thing” has the same traits as the plant(multicellular, cell wall made of cellulose, and a photoautotroph)?

A

Seaweed, a protist has all these traits as well

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4
Q

What are some differences between plants vs protist differences?

A
  • all plants multicellular: algae can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
  • most plants live on dry land, algae live in aquatic or moist habitats
  • plants have a waxy cuticle, algae does not
  • most plants have roots, stems, leaves, and vascular tissue, algae does not
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5
Q

What is a charophyte?

A

green algae that is a protist

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6
Q

what are the basic resources plants require in order to survive and reproduce?

A

water, light, and co2 for photosynthesis, o2 for cellular respiration, mineral nutrients to make dna, proteins, lipids(nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium)

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7
Q

The transition from living in water to living on land provided both benefits and challenges for plants in terms of?

A

support, resources, and reproduction

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8
Q

What are some benefits for algae to live in water?

A
  • surrounded and supported by water
  • access to lights
  • can take up nutrients directly from water via diffusion
  • gametes released directly into water for easy dispersal
  • stable temperatures and humidity
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9
Q

What are some limitations for algae to live in water?

A
  • can only access light near surface
  • there are limited amounts of dissolved o2, co2, and minerals
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10
Q

What are some benefits for the first plants to live on land?

A
  • brighter, unfiltered sunlight
  • plenty of co2 and o2
  • soil rich in nutrients
  • the first land plants had less competition and fewer predators
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11
Q

What are some limitations for the first plants to live on land?

A
  • Lack of structural support against gravity
  • Lack of water - as a resource and to stop
    from drying out ( desiccation )
  • Fluctuating temperature & humidity
  • Nutrients and water need to be
    transported from soil to plant
  • Modes of reproduction needed to be altered ( to prevent spores from drying out, and for dispersal )
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12
Q

What are derived traits?

A

unique traits that evolved during the evolution of a specific lineage after the split from the common ancestor with other lineages

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13
Q

What do the derived traits of plants distinguish them from?

A

close green algae relatives, charophytes

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14
Q

5 derived traits found in all plants but not protists are?

A
  1. Alternation of generations
  2. Embryophytes
  3. Walled spores made in sporangia
  4. Multicellular gametangia
  5. Apical meristems
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15
Q

Alternation of generations?

A

plant life cycles alternate between gametophyte
(gamete-producing plant) and sporophyte (spore-producing plant): both are multicellular

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16
Q

Embryophytes?

A

a multicellular plant embryo dependent on the parent
* The developing embryo remains inside the tissues of the female plant
* Get protection and nutrients via specialized placental transfer cells

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17
Q

Walled spores made in sporangia?

A

sporangia: multicellular organ with the sporophyte plant that produces spores
spores: single reproductive cells that grow into the multicellular gametophyte

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18
Q

What are spore walls made of?

A

sporopollenin: making the spores extremely resistant to harsh environments

19
Q

Multicellular gametangia?

A
  • Gametangia: multicellular organ within the gametophyte that produces gametes
    Female gametangia: archegonia make eggs and male gametangia: antheridia makes sperm
20
Q

What is phyte?

A

plant

21
Q

Spore/gamete?

A

reproductive cells

22
Q

Gametophyte?

A

plant that produces gametes

23
Q

Sporophyte?

A

plant that produces spores

24
Q

embryo?

A

developing organism after fertilization

25
Q

embryophyte?

A

developing plant

26
Q

angium?

A

receptacle/container/organ

27
Q

gametangia?

A

organs that make gametes

28
Q

sporangia?

A

organs that make spores

29
Q

apical meristems?

A

areas of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots: plants on land need resources from above ground and below ground, therefore need to grow up and down

30
Q

what does plant meiosis form?

A

spores

31
Q

are gametes formed before or after fertilization?

A

before

32
Q

what does the archegonia make?

A

eggs

33
Q

evolution of plants?

A

as plants continued to adapt for successful life on land, new derived traits emerged. Key adaptation = a notable derived trait that provides an individual with a new
ability that allows it to take advantage of previously unavailable habitats or resources

34
Q

early evolving plant groups:

A

fewer adaptations and are more similar to aquatic algae than later groups

35
Q

later evolving groups:

A

retain all the key adaptations that arose in earlier groups

36
Q

byrophytes?

A

the first land plants are non vascular:including liverworts, mosses and hornworts

37
Q

what are the key adaptations to these non vascular plants?

A

waxy cuticles: coats the surface of the plant to prevent water loss/drying out
stomata: pores in the surface that open and close: exchange of co2 and o2 with surrounding air, where water evaporates, close to minimize water loss

38
Q

what are the byrophytes major limitations?

A

height is below 20cm, no vascular system or true roots or leaves
no long distance transport of water and nutrients
limited structural support
restricted to moist environments
dispersal by spores: small short distances

39
Q

vascular plants?

A

have vascular tissue; systems of tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the organism.

40
Q

seedless vascular plants include?

A

ferns, horsetails, club mosses

41
Q

what are the two vascular tissues?

A

xylem and phloem: transport tissues connecting above and below ground and move water and nutrients long distances; the secondary cell walls of xylem also provide support against gravity

42
Q

leaves?

A

main photosynthetic organ : increase surface area for light capture

43
Q

roots?

A

structures that extend into soil : increase access to water and nutrients in soil, anchor the plant

44
Q

seedless vascular plants limitations?

A
  • limited to moist environments bc they need film of water for reproduction, spores= limited dispersal

BIOL 1110 (16 decks)

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