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BIOL 1110 > Lecture 1 - Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

To classify something as alive, scientists have come up with 8 characteristics, what are they?

A

ORGSHARE: order, reproduction, growth and development, sensitivity, homeostasis, adaptation, regulation, and energy processing

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1
Q

One of these is not like the others: ladybug, ebola virus, prickly pear cactus, and e.coli bacteria, and why?

A

ebola virus is different because it is not a living organism

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2
Q

Define the 8 characteristics of life!

A

Order: must be organized and made up of cells
Reproduction: must be able to pass hereditary information to the next generation
Growth and Development: grow and develop
Sensitivity: must respond to stimuli
Homeostasis: must be able to maintain constant internal conditions
Adaptation: must be able to enhance ability to survive and reproduce
Regulation: must be able to control internal functions
Energy processing: must be able to take energy from the sun or food to use for their metabolic activities

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2
Q

Do viruses satisfy the properties of life? why or why not?

A

NO!
Order: not made up of cells
Reproduction: they do reproduce but only inside other organisms
Growth and development: NO
Sensitivity: no metabolism to make energy to respond to stimuli
Homeostasis: NO
Adaptation: Yes they can change their DNA and RNA structure
Regulation: NO
Energy processing: NO

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2
Q

What are viruses made up of if not cells?

A

nucleic acid + protein coat/envelope

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3
Q

What are the levels of biological organization?

A

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

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4
Q

Describe atoms.

A

atoms are the smallest unit of matter: contains a nucleus surrounded by electrons. Example: hydrogen and oxygen

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5
Q

Describe molecules.

A

cluster of at least 2 atoms held together by chemical bonds. Example: H2O. 4 classes of macromolecules: nucleic acids, protein, carbohydrates, lipids

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6
Q

Describe the 4 classes of macromolecules.

A

1) Nucleic acids DNA/RNA: polymers of nucleotides ( nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate )
2) Protein: polymers of amino acids
3) Carbohydrates: polymers of sugars
4) Lipids: includes triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

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7
Q

Are lipids polymers of anything?

A

No

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8
Q

Describe organelles.

A

membrane bound subcellular structure that performs a specific function within a cell. Example: mitochondria or golgi

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9
Q

Describe cells.

A

the smallest unit that displays all the characteristics of life. Some organisms are single cellular and some are multicellular. Cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Example: stem cell and osteoblast

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10
Q

Describe tissues.

A

groups of similar cells carrying out a main function. 4 major tissue types: connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous

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11
Q

What tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

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12
Q

Describe organs.

A

collection of tissues that together perform a specific function. Example: stomach, intestine, heart

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13
Q

Describe organ system.

A

several organs that work together to perform a specific function. Example: digestive system

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14
Q

Describe organism.

A

an individual living thing. can be composed of many cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems working together or can be a single cell. Example: one elephant, one tree

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15
Q

Describe population.

A

all the individuals of a species living within a specific area. Example: all of the african bush elephants living in the savanna

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16
Q

Describe community.

A

all the living organisms of all the different species interacting in one area. Example: all the plants, animals, fungi, and microbes in the savanna

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17
Q

Describe ecosystem.

A

all the living and non living parts of a particular area. Eg: the savanna

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18
Q

What is biotic and abiotic

A

biotic: all the plants, animals, fungi, and microbes
abiotic: 4 abiotic conditions required for all living systems: water, gas, temperature, and nutrients/energy

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19
Q

Describe biomes.

A

major ecosystem types: characterized by specific climate/physical conditions and the organisms adapted to those conditions. Example: desert, tundra, broadleaf forest

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20
Q

Describe biosphere.

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A

highest level of organization, all life and environments supporting life on earth. Example: land, water, atmosphere

21
Q

Who proposed the cell theory?

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A

Theodore Schwann

22
What is the cell theory?
1) all organisms are made up of cells 2) cells are the basic unit of life 3) all cells arise from preexisting cells
23
What is a unicellular organism?
all functions need to be carried out by the one cell. Example: bacteria, protists, and yeast
24
What is a multicellular organism?
many specialized cells that are dependant upon eachother for organism function and survival Example: human cells develop into specialized cells early in life
25
What are colonial organisms?
colony is made up of individual unicellular organisms that are physically connected
26
What is the main difference of a colonial organism vs a multicellular organism?
if separated from the colony, individual cell can survive on its own but this is not the case with multicellular organisms
27
What are the 3 domains of life?
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
28
Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
prokaryotic cells
29
animals plants fungi and protists are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
eukaryotic cells
30
what do all cells have in common
1) plasma membrane 2) cytoplasm 3) DNA 4) Ribosomes
31
Prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells: compartmentalization?
prokaryotic: no compartmentalization meaning no membrane bound organelles and eukaryotic: compartmentalized meaning there are membrane bound organelles
32
Prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells: nucleus
prokaryotic: no nucleus and the dna is within nucleoid eukaryotic: has a nucleus and the dna is within nuclear membrane
33
Prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells: circular vs linear dna
prokaryotic: dna is circular eukaryotic: dna is linear
34
Prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells: size
prokaryotic: smaller 1-5 um eukaryotic: larger 10-100 um
35
Prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells: unicellular vs colonial vs multicellular
prokaryotic: unicellular and colonial eukaryotic: unicellular, colonial, multicellular
36
Prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells: cell wall
prokaryotic: all have a cell wall eukaryotic: some have cell wall and some only have membrane
37
what are some eukaryotic cell structures present in only animal cells?
lysosome, centriole, flagellum
38
what are some eukaryotic cell structures present in only
cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole
39
what is the structure and function of the plasma membrane?
structure: phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded. function: surrounds cells to separate internal and external environment and regulates the passage of substrates. IT IS SEMI PERMEABLE
40
Whats a phospholipid?
composed of 2 fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group
41
what is the structure and function of cytoplasm?
structure: made of gel like cytosol function: holds all the contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, such as organelles
42
what is the structure and function of the nucleus?
structure: surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope and stores the nuclear DNA in chromosomes function: protects dna and controls all cell activities;information from dna is used to make rna and proteins
43
what is the structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum?
structure: network of flattened, interconnected membrane sacs; surrounds and is continuous with the nuclear envelope. It is divided into rough and smooth ER. function: rough er function is protein synthesis, membrane synthesis and transports vesicles containing proteins to golgi apparatus function: smooth er function is lipid synthesis, carbohydrate synthesis, detoxifies drugs, and stores calcium.
44
what is the structure and function of ribosomes?
structure: made of ribosomal rna and protein and dont have a membrane function: carry out protein synthesis in 2 places 1) on the rough er and 2) in the cytosol
45
what is the structure and function of golgi?
structure: a stack of flattened membranous stacks called cisternae function: sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins ALSO Receives and modifies molecules made in the ER, packages them in vesicles and directs them to locations within or for export from cell
46
what is the structure and function of mitochondria?
structure: oval shaped double membrane organelles inner layer: folds called cristae and have their own ribosomes and dna function: cellular respiration: form atp by breaking down glucose: powerhouse of the cell
47
what is the structure and function of lysosomes?
structure: membranous sacs (single membrane) containing hydrolytic enzymes function: break down waste products : destroy/recycle molecules , organelles, and macromolecules: basically the cells garbage disposal
48
what is the structure and function of cell wall?
structure: rigid covering outside the plasma membrane made mostly of cellulose: in plants also in fungi and protists function: provides support, protection, shape to cell and prevents excess water uptake
49
what is the structure and function of central vacuole?
structure: large water filled vacuole: takes up majority of the plant cell function: regulates cell water levels: also stores cell wastes, toxins, nutrients, organic compounds
50
what is the structure and function of chloroplasts?
structure: have their own dna and ribosomes, have inner and outer membranes, inside has interconnected and stacked membrane sacs called thylakoids function: for photosynthesis: green pigment called chlorophyll, which captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis
51
autotrophs vs heterotrophs?
plants: autotrophs: can make their own food animals: heterotrophs: rely on other organisms for food
52
what is photosynthesis?
photosynthesis: light energy used to transform co2 and water into glucose and oxygen: this occurs in chloroplast
53
what is cellular respiration?
glucose is broken down to release energy in the form of atp: releases co2 and water by products: this occurs in mitochondria

BIOL 1110 (16 decks)

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