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BIOL 1110 > Lecture 4 - The Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - The Diversity of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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2
Q

What does eukarya include?

A

fungi, protista, plants, animals

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3
Q

What were the first organisms to live on earth?

A

prokaryotes in 3.5 bya. They live in crazy places due to their ability to adapt

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4
Q

Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular?

A

they are unicellular

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5
Q

What is the common shape of a prokaryotic cell?

A

cocci aka round, bacilli aka rod , or spiral

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6
Q

Whats the capsule?

A

it surrounds the cell wall; it is a sticky dense layer of polysaccharide or protein

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7
Q

What is the cell wall of bacteria made of?

A

peptidoglycan: polymer of sugars and amino acids

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8
Q

What is the cell wall of archaea made of?

A

mostly glycoproteins

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9
Q

What are the different types of appendages for prokaryotic cells?

A

flagella, pili, and fimbriae

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10
Q

DNA in prokaryotic cells?

A

dna: single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid, there are also small plasmids of dna in the cell.

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11
Q

How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

A

they divide via binary fission

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12
Q

What are the energy sources for living things?

A

sunlight and chemical: by breaking down chemical bonds for energy when we eat food

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13
Q

Living things need nutrients from a?

A

carbon source. carbon creates macromolecules. theres 2 types of carbon source. 1) organic compounds: when carbon is taken from sources such as protein lipid or carbs 2) inorganic compounds: carbon taken from co2

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14
Q

What is a phototroph?

A

energy source is sunlight

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15
Q

What is a chemotroph?

A

energy source is chemical energy

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16
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

carbon source is co2

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17
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

carbon source is from organic compound

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18
Q

what are the 4 nutritional modes?

A

1) photoautotroph: protists, prokaryotes, plants
2) chemoautotroph: prokaryotes
3) photoheterotrophs: prokaryotes
4) chemoheterotrophs: prokaryotes, protists, fungi, animals, some plants

19
Q

Obligate aerobes vs obligate anaerobes vs facultative anaerobes

A

aerobes: must use o2
anaerobes: poisoned by 02
facultative: use o2 if there but can survive without it

20
Q

what is decomposition?

A

breaking down of dead organisms or waste ad recycle nutrients back into soil for uptake by plants. prokaryotes are ESSENTIAL for nutrient cycling

21
Q

How do organisms oxygenate the atmosphere

A

photosynthesis: cyanobacteria were the first photosynthetic organisms on earth

22
Q

What is nitrogen important for?

A

required to make dna/rna/proteins. prokaryotes can conduct nitrogen fixation = convert the nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia

23
Q

symbiosis?

A

a relationship in which 2 species live in close contact. The larger organism is called the host and the smaller organism is called the symbiont.

24
Q

What are the 3 types of symbiotic relationships?

A

mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism

25
Q

What is mutualism?

A

an interaction that benefits both the host and the symbiont. Example: bacteria gives usable nitrogen to plant and plant gives sugar to bacteria

26
Q

What is commensalism?

A

an interaction that benefits one species but not the other. eg: e coli in the gut; nutrients are given to the bacteria and safe place to live but they dont harm or help you

27
Q

What is parasitism?

A

an interaction that benefits one species while causing harm to the other. Eg: food borne illnesses

28
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

some types of bacteria eat pollutants and metabolize them into harmless products

29
Q

What are the similarities between bacteria and archaea?

A

cell wall, ribosomes, single circular chromosome, lack nucleus and organelles

30
Q

What are the differences between bacteria and archaea?

A
  • composition of the cell wall
  • dna structure
  • different proteins used to copy dna
  • different start codon for building proteins
31
Q

What does extremophiles mean?

A

some archaea are extreme loving

32
Q

extreme thermophiles vs extreme halophiles?

A

thermophiles: dna stable at temp up to 120 degrees celcius
halophiles: tolerate or need extreme salinity: majority of extremophiles are archaea

33
Q

What are methanogens?

A

archaea that live in anoxic environments. 0% oxygen. eg: gut of cow. when cows fart they release methane

34
Q

Thaumarchaeota?

A

live in soil and in skin, protect against skin infections, aid in nitrogen cycling, lower skin pH

35
Q

How did we go from organelle-less prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells with membrane bound organelles?

A

too long to type but explain it

36
Q

What is endosymbiont?

A

symbiotic relationship where the symbiont lives within the host cell

37
Q

Protists?

A

eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals.
- majority are unicellular

38
Q

Animal like protists?

A

chemoheterotrophs: feed by consuming other organisms, can move, lack cell wall. EX: amoeba and plasmodium(causes malaria)

39
Q

Plant like protists?

A

photoautotrophs: have chloroplasts and a cell wall, make sugar using photosynthesis, volvox, seaweed

40
Q

fungi like protists?

A

chemoheterotrophs: feed by absorption, decompose dead material and recylce nutrients, have a cell wall, they are molds

41
Q

Fungi?

A

chemoheterotrophs, release enzymes and digest food outside the body and absorb nutrients, multicellular except for yeast, cell walls are composed of chitin, they have hyphae which absorb water and nutrients

42
Q

Whats the largest organism on earth?

A

fungi: armillaria ostoyae

43
Q

whats the first antibiotic made by fungi?

A

penicillin

BIOL 1110 (16 decks)

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