Lecture 14: Ventilation and Gas exchange in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

what is gas exchange?

A

it is the process by which organisms uptake gasses required for physiological processes and release waste gasses as a byproduct of those processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what gasses do animal cells uptake and release?

A

uptake oxygen and release carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are sources of oxygen and explain properties of both?

A

air and water.
air: oxygen is plentiful in the air/21% and it is not dense or viscous. it is easy to breathe so does not require much efficiency.
water: oxygen is scarce in water. it is dense and viscous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

movement of co2 and o2 moves entirely via?

A

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the respiratory surface in leaves?

A

mesophyll parenchyma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the respiratory surface in humans?

A

alveoli in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what should respiratory surfaces have to maximize diffusion efficiency?

A
  • large surface area
  • thin and one cell thick
  • moist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does ventilation mean?

A

ventilation is the flow of respiratory medium over the respiratory surface
respiratory medium: air or water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ventilation and gas exchange occurs in different animals in different ways because?

A

depending on environment and locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

if air is the medium, the fresh o2 in the air can reach the respiratory surface in multiple ways including?

A

1: diffusion: no pressure involved, relying on concentration gradient. Ex: insects
2: positive pressure: o2 is pushed via buildup of pressure Ex: amphibians and birds
3: negative pressure: o2 is pulled via drop in pressure Ex: mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Porifera gas exchange?

A

environment: aquatic
respiratory medium: water
respiratory surface: body wall
ventilation: flagella in the collar cells pull water in through pores in the body
locomotion: sessile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cnidaria gas exchange?

A

environment: aquatic
respiratory medium: water
respiratory surface: body wall and lining of gastrovascular cavity
ventilation: water circulates through the gastrovascular cavity
locomotion: sessile, weak swimmers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Platyhelminthes gas exchange?

A

environment: aquatic or parasitic
respiratory medium: water or host fluids
respiratory surface: body wall and lining of gastrovascular cavity
ventilation: simple diffusion across outer body surface and gastrovascular cavity
locomotion: sessile or slow swimmers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

insects gas exchange?

A

environment: terrestrial but some aquatic
respiratory medium: mostly air
respiratory surface: tracheal system, air sacs, and some aquatic insects have gills
ventilation: tracheal system: spiracles where the air enters the body and the trachea branch into thinner tracheoles which deliver gasses to each cell.
SMALL INSECTS: diffusion
LARGE INSECTS: use muscles to contract and expand body to pump air
locomotion: crawling, jumping, flying, fast locomotion requires rapid gas exchange to support high metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where does gas exchange occur in animals?

A

specialized structures: gills or lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gas exchange in vertebrates respiratory organ?

A

lungs: facilitate gas exchange in the air
gills: facilitate gas exchange in the lungs

17
Q

gas exchange in fish?

A

environment: aquatic
respiratory medium: water
respiratory organ: gills
respiratory surface: gill filaments
ventilation: water pulled into the mouth over gill filaments in one direction
locomotion: swimming

18
Q

gas exchange in mammals?

A

environment: terrestrial or aquatic
respiratory medium: air
respiratory organ: lungs
locomotion: walking, running, swimming, flying, hopping
ventilation: ventilation occurs via negative pressure breathing: pulling air into the lungs

19
Q

human respiratory system

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

20
Q

what is the respiratory system in humans?

A

alveoli: tiny expandible sacs in the lungs that inflate when you inhale and deflate when you exhale

21
Q

capillaries?

A

branching nets of fine blood vessels that exchange materials with alveoli and all body cells

22
Q

what is the circulatory system?

A

carries blood from the lungs to the rest of the body

23
Q

red blood cells have a protein called?

A

hemoglobin transports oxygen throughout the body

24
Q

how is co2 transported to the lungs?

A
  • some co2 dissolved directly into blood plasma
  • some co2 binds with hemoglobin
  • most react with water to form bicarbonate which is dissolved into the blood plasma
25
Q

breathing control in humans: what happens if co2 levels in the blood rise?

A

causes the blood ph to fall, sensors in the heart and medulla cause the diaphragm contraction rate to increase and then co2 levels in blood fall and ph rises

26
Q

gas exchange amphibians?

A

environment: aquatic if immature and terrestrial if mature
respiratory medium: water or air
respiratory organ for water: gills or skin and respiratory organ for air: skin lining of mouth, lungs

27
Q

how does the ventilation occur in the frog?

A

ventilation occurs via positive pressure breathing. 1 breath 4 steps: inhalation, expansion, contraction, and exhalation

28
Q

gas exchange in birds?

A

environment: terrestrial
respiratory medium: air
locomotion: walking, running, swimming, flying, hopping
respiratory organ: lungs
respiratory surface: parabronchi
birds have 8-9 air sacs located above or below the lungs: they move air through the parabronchi

29
Q
A