Lecture 5 - Free Metabolites, Glycolysis, and Storage Forms

Question 1

what is glycolysis

Answer 1

the front part of respiration that is used to burn hexose sugars and gain energy

Question 2

the is the TCA cycles used for

Answer 2

used to generate intermediates, which reduces power and acetylCoA

Question 3

what does the Calvin-Benson cycle fix

Answer 3

it fixes CO2 to 3-C organic acids, which can be converted to hexose

Question 4

what do organisms use free metabolites for

Answer 4

energy, pathway intermediates, building themselves, storage, transport

Question 5

how are free metabolites catagorized

Answer 5

into pools depending on their role and molecular makeup

Question 6

why are metabolites converted to structure

Answer 6

more steps in synthesis
more steps for catabolizing back to free metabolites

Question 7

what are small building blocks, sugars, and glucose an example of

Answer 7

free metabolites

Question 8

why are metabolic intermediates important

Answer 8

they allow flexibility in function

Question 9

what is an example of a metabolic intermediate

Answer 9

the hexose pool

Question 10

what are some examples of free metabolites that are easily extracted

Answer 10

sugars, pyruvate, N bases, organic acids
amino acids, fatty acids

Question 11

examples of polymers in organelles or tissues

Answer 11

starch grains, cellulose, pectin, sucrose in stems, lignin, DNA/RNA, protein bodies, oil bodies, storage proteins

Question 12

how does glycolysis work

Answer 12

takes a hexose (6C sugar), activates it, super activates it, then split it and super activate the 3C. It then removes energy using phosphate bonds and ends with pyruvate

Question 13

pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 13

a major pathway used in plants to interchange glucose or fructose (6C sugars), to a 5C sugar

Question 14

what are the 2 fates of pyruvate in glycolysis

Answer 14

Aerobic - stops at pyruvate, which goes to other reactions
Anaerobic - pyruvate is converted to lactate and ethanol

Question 15

how does glucose get to pyruvate in glycolysis

Answer 15

1. glucose (6C sugar) is activated with 1 then 2 phosphate bonds which changes it to a different hexose
2. the sugar activated hexose is split into 2 3C. The first 3C is super activated with another phosphate bond
3. phosphate groups are released for ATP
4. then we get pyruvate

Question 16

how does glucose get to pyruvate in glycolysis without the pentose phosphate pathway (doesn’t need oxygen)

Answer 16

glucose (6C) is activated with phosphate bonds
bis-forms have 2 phosphate bonds
fructose is split into 2 3C
the 3Cs have phosphate bonds
first 3C has additional P added, which is then released for ATP
end is pyruvate

Question 17

what happens if pyruvate encounters aerobic conditions

Answer 17

glycolysis ends at pyruvate

Question 18

what happens if pyruvate encounters anaerobic conditions

Answer 18

it goes further and turns into lactate or ethanol

Question 19

what is the purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 19

• it is another way to use glucose
• used for photosynthesis
• oxidative version make NADPH and supplies pentose intermediates for nucleotides, nucleic acids, cell wall polymers

Question 20

amyloplast

Answer 20

storage and breakdown of starch

Question 21

cytosol

Answer 21

super flexible

Question 22

chloroplast

Answer 22

fixes C in photosynthesis and is the temporary storage and breakdown of starch everyday

Question 23

what plants use sucrose for storage and store it in cell vacuoles

Answer 23

Sugar cane and sugar beet

Question 24

plants _____ use intermediate metabolites as their permanent storage forms

Answer 24

do not