Lecture 4 - Biochemistry Rules of Engagement Flashcards
steps to create products from the enzymes
1: substrate enters active site on enzyme
2: creates an enzyme/substrate complex
3: becomes a enzyme/product complex
4; products leave the active site of the enzyme
what are the 4 major things needed to help create biological reactions
enzymes, energy (ATP), the redox class of helpers (NADH,FADH2, and NADPH), and electric charge across membranes
the enzyme substrate E-S complex
when a substrate enters the enzyme active site
what reaction would be used to find the substrate concentrations of an enzyme
velocity reaction
how would you quantify a substrate in a velocity reaction
use an electric scale to weigh out starch and put in in known solution volumes to know starting concentration
how would you quantify a product in a velocity reaction
use a metabolite specific test to measure color and intensity with a spectrophotometer
how is the standard curve plotted in a velocity reaction
make up a range of sucrose concentrations from sugar and make up a range of standards
what is vmax/reaction velocity
looking at how much product an enzyme can make in a given time frame
how could an enzyme be inhibited
could be driven by having more substrate, product could reduce enzyme activity (like a backlog), toxins/metabolites could temporarily or permanently block enzyme sites
what is the easiest enzyme reaction curve
the Michaelis Menton Curve
what does the km of the Mechaelis Menten curve mean
is 1/2 of vmax, where vmax is the maximum velocity
at what conditions do enzyme operate (in regards to vmax, oxygen and pH)
enzymes operate below their vmax, at specific pH conditions, and under certain aerobic/anaerobic conditions
what are enzymes activated by
metabolites
classes of enzymes inhibition
Competitive and non-competitive inhibition
competitive inhibition
reversible. adding more of proper substrate can out-compete and flush out the inhibitor
non-competitive inhibition
where the inhibitor cannot be removed and you have to replace them enzyme with new enzyme
where do inhibitors typically operate
the active site and at the allosteric site
what can override or cancel inhibition at the allosteric site
activators
what is ATP regulated by
ATP synthase (ATPase)
energy charge
the sum of ATP and 1/2 the ADP/ all the ATP +ADP+AMP
what is the energy charge of ATP producing reactions
1
what is the energy charge of ATP consuming reactions
0
what is the energy charge in healthy cells
0.7 and 0.9
what are the 3 kinds of ATP synthase
F, V, and P-ATPase
where is ATP synthase present
in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria
F-ATPase
the regular H+ transporting type found in the mitochondria
Fat type
V-ATPase
types found on the vacuole
vacuole type
P-ATPase
stands for pumping types
T/F: ATPase can rotate
t
What is the other use for ATP synthase besides as a catalyst for the ATP reaction
used to move H+ ions and generate electric charge
what part of ATP synthase is the active site that makes ATP
the roof
membrane potential
an electric charge across a membrane
to hold a charge, you need a ________
membrane
what direction do electrons flow
to the area with less electrons
proton motive force
the gradient of H+ ions
