Lecture 3 - Cell Biology and Plant Anatomy

Question 1

how were cells discovered

Answer 1

discovered by Robert Hook when he was looking at the cork cells from oak trees under one of the first microscopes

Question 2

3 major ways plant cells differ from animal cells

Answer 2

1. plants have cell walls made from cellulose
2. plant cells have central vacuoles
3. many plant cells have chloroplasts

Question 3

what organism differs from other organisms based on cell features

Answer 3

archaiea cells

Question 4

what would a baby root tip cell look like under the microscope

Answer 4

no large vacuole, has a large nucleus, thin cell wall, no chloroplasts, and no mitochondria

Question 5

what organelle membranes have 2 layers

Answer 5

the chloroplast and mitochondria

Question 6

apoplast

Answer 6

spaces between cells filled with water and air

Question 7

symplast

Answer 7

the cytosol and continuation between cells

Question 8

role of the vacuole

Answer 8

keeps plant turgid, used for storage and/or a trashcan

Question 9

role of the chloroplast

Answer 9

site of photosynthesis, starch synthesis, fatty acids, and amino acids

Question 10

role of the cytosol

Answer 10

general soup or liquid matrix, sucrose synthesis

Question 11

role of the mitochondria

Answer 11

power station

Question 12

role of the nucleus

Answer 12

genome contents, replication, and transcription of genes

Question 13

role of the peroxisomes

Answer 13

manage toxic metabolism and reactive oxygen species like peroxide

Question 14

role of endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

calcium, protein export, protein secretion, lipid synthesis, storage protein synthesis

Question 15

role of oil bodies (oleosomes)

Answer 15

lipid storage

Question 16

role of the golgi body

Answer 16

processing, sorting proteins for transport or into vacuole

Question 17

role of the cell wall

Answer 17

mainly carbohydrates like cellulose with some protein. is for structure, rigidity, protection. Built in proteins are to build and orient the carbohydrate polymers

Question 18

Names the organelles labeled on the diagram

Answer 18

Question 19

how are organelles made

Answer 19

they all come from cell division

Question 20

where did the major plastids mitochondria and chloroplasts come from

Answer 20

came from primitive cyanobacteria that might have got stuck in plant cells

Question 21

what are the 2 major plastids

Answer 21

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 22

t or f: mitochondria have the same genomes as other organelles

Answer 22

f, they have their own genomes that they inherited from the mother plant

Question 23

types of plastids

Answer 23

leucoplast, elaioplast, amyloplast, chromoplast, chloroplast

Question 24

structural features of cells

Answer 24

cell cytoskeleton, spindles and fibers made of tubulin

Question 25

why are the cytoskeleton, spindles, and fibers important in the cell

Answer 25

they align cells, develop contents of cells, helping stuff move, and in cell division

Question 26

where does the macro version of a membrane occur

Answer 26

in tissues and between organ

Question 27

lipid bilayer analogy

Answer 27

like a sandwich. Has 2 outer sides of head that are like bread and can soak up water. Lipid tails are like mayo and are apolar.

Question 28

how many classes of lipids do cell membranes typically contain

Answer 28

10

Question 29

what does the lipid class PC group/phosphatidyl do

Answer 29

gives rise to stable fluid membranes in abiotic stress

Question 30

what does the golgi body do

Answer 30

makes and controls structure of lipid membranes, sorts an directs proteins to specific organelles and membranes, and is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 31

2 kinds of endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 31

smooth and rough

Question 32

exocytosis

Answer 32

cells emit a substance that move vesicles away from a cell

Question 33

endocytosis

Answer 33

things are moved in vesicles internally

Question 34

what runs through the plasmodesmata

Answer 34

the ER to connect cells via a membrane system

Question 35

uniport

Answer 35

a channel in the membrane that allows 1 molecule to move in 1 direction

Question 36

antiport

Answer 36

a channel in the membrane that allows 1 molecule forwards and another molecule backwards

Question 37

symport

Answer 37

a channel in the membrane that allows 2 molecules to move in the same direction

Question 38

electrogenic

Answer 38

when a charged ion moves in 1 direction and is linked to ADP/ATP with a net negative charge symport exchange

Question 39

active transport

Answer 39

when an electron transfer with H+ happens or ATP is used (requires energy)