Lecture 3 - Cell Biology and Plant Anatomy Flashcards
how were cells discovered
discovered by Robert Hook when he was looking at the cork cells from oak trees under one of the first microscopes
3 major ways plant cells differ from animal cells
- plants have cell walls made from cellulose
- plant cells have central vacuoles
- many plant cells have chloroplasts
what organism differs from other organisms based on cell features
archaiea cells
what would a baby root tip cell look like under the microscope
no large vacuole, has a large nucleus, thin cell wall, no chloroplasts, and no mitochondria
what organelle membranes have 2 layers
the chloroplast and mitochondria
apoplast
spaces between cells filled with water and air
symplast
the cytosol and continuation between cells
role of the vacuole
keeps plant turgid, used for storage and/or a trashcan
role of the chloroplast
site of photosynthesis, starch synthesis, fatty acids, and amino acids
role of the cytosol
general soup or liquid matrix, sucrose synthesis
role of the mitochondria
power station
role of the nucleus
genome contents, replication, and transcription of genes
role of the peroxisomes
manage toxic metabolism and reactive oxygen species like peroxide
role of endoplasmic reticulum
calcium, protein export, protein secretion, lipid synthesis, storage protein synthesis
role of oil bodies (oleosomes)
lipid storage
role of the golgi body
processing, sorting proteins for transport or into vacuole
role of the cell wall
mainly carbohydrates like cellulose with some protein. is for structure, rigidity, protection. Built in proteins are to build and orient the carbohydrate polymers
Names the organelles labeled on the diagram
how are organelles made
they all come from cell division
where did the major plastids mitochondria and chloroplasts come from
came from primitive cyanobacteria that might have got stuck in plant cells
what are the 2 major plastids
mitochondria and chloroplasts
t or f: mitochondria have the same genomes as other organelles
f, they have their own genomes that they inherited from the mother plant
types of plastids
leucoplast, elaioplast, amyloplast, chromoplast, chloroplast
structural features of cells
cell cytoskeleton, spindles and fibers made of tubulin
why are the cytoskeleton, spindles, and fibers important in the cell
they align cells, develop contents of cells, helping stuff move, and in cell division
where does the macro version of a membrane occur
in tissues and between organ
lipid bilayer analogy
like a sandwich. Has 2 outer sides of head that are like bread and can soak up water. Lipid tails are like mayo and are apolar.
how many classes of lipids do cell membranes typically contain
10
what does the lipid class PC group/phosphatidyl do
gives rise to stable fluid membranes in abiotic stress
what does the golgi body do
makes and controls structure of lipid membranes, sorts an directs proteins to specific organelles and membranes, and is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum
2 kinds of endoplasmic reticulum
smooth and rough
exocytosis
cells emit a substance that move vesicles away from a cell
endocytosis
things are moved in vesicles internally
what runs through the plasmodesmata
the ER to connect cells via a membrane system
uniport
a channel in the membrane that allows 1 molecule to move in 1 direction
antiport
a channel in the membrane that allows 1 molecule forwards and another molecule backwards
symport
a channel in the membrane that allows 2 molecules to move in the same direction
electrogenic
when a charged ion moves in 1 direction and is linked to ADP/ATP with a net negative charge symport exchange
active transport
when an electron transfer with H+ happens or ATP is used (requires energy)
