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PLSC 317 > Lecture 2.1: Biochem Review > Flashcards

Lecture 2.1: Biochem Review Flashcards

1
Q

How are metabolic processes separated

A

by specific organs, cell tissues, and molecule conformation (shape)

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2
Q

what make up the team of helper molecules

A

enzymes, coenzymes, and cofactors

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3
Q

8 universal biochemical features of plant metabolism

A
  1. takes place in regular living conditions
  2. revolves around pathways controlled by enzymes
  3. Genes control enzymes
  4. Use energy associated with chemical bonds
  5. Uses protons, electrons, and charges
  6. has apolar and polar regions
  7. Usually like aerobic conditions
  8. Can build products and break things down
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4
Q

what are the regular living conditions that plant metabolism takes place in

A

above freezing to 45-50C and normal ambient atmospheric pressure

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5
Q

what conditions does inorganic/organic chem happen in

A

extreme pressures and temperatures

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6
Q

How do enzymes act like catalysts

A

they lower the heat of activation, allow intermediate steps to occur, and increase the frequency of molecular collision

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7
Q

How do genes control enzymes

A

they have the info to make and encode proteins and enzymes

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8
Q

what is the chemical bond typically used by plants to use energy and why

A

phosphate bonds. They activate molecules like in ATP

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9
Q

Gibbs Free Energy

A

determines if a reaction can happen or not (measured in joules)

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10
Q

processes that give out heat = (positive or negative)

A

positive

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11
Q

processes that require heat = (negative or positive)

A

negative

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12
Q

Is ATP or ADP stronger

A

ATP

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13
Q

how do plants activate sugars and proteins

A

by adding a phosphate group to them

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14
Q

ADP

A

adenosine-di-phosphate

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15
Q

ATP

A

adenosine-tri-phosphate

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16
Q

How do plants use charge

A

use redox reaction, oxidations, and reductions

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17
Q

what are the 3 molecules used to use charge (oxidized/reduced)

A

NAD/NADH; NADP/NADPH; FAD/FADH2

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18
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that act as a catalyst to the steps in pathways

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19
Q

proteins

A

a polymer made of amino acids

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20
Q

what do enzymes often work together with in metabolism

A

coenzymes and metal cofactors

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21
Q

what do metal cofactors do

A

they allow the enzyme to change a substrate bond

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22
Q

How are enzymes catagorized

A

arranged in classes depending on roles

23
Q

why do some enzymes have more than one name?

A

because of history and developing names as discoveries are made

24
Q

pathway

A

a series of steps where molecule A is changed to B to C…. to N

25
Q

substrate

A

the molecule that is about to be converted in a step

26
Q

product

A

the result of the reaction step (usually controlled by an enzyme)

27
Q

_____ are usually reversible

A

enzymes

28
Q

autocatalyzed/feedforward mechanism

A

when the production of a product makes a pathway fun faster

29
Q

feedback mechanism

A

when the production of a product makes a pathway run slower

30
Q

equilibrium

A

the reaction is steady and there are equal amounts of 2 forms of a molecule or reaction

31
Q

isomer

A

mirror image (like a left and right foot)

32
Q

cis

A

kinked but straight form

33
Q

trans

A

bent form like a boat

34
Q

how are fatty acids catagorized

A

categorized as cis or trans depending on the hydrogenation of their long tails

35
Q

analog

A

a slightly different version of a base molecule that differs due to variation of a side group

36
Q

monomer

A

a single molecule

37
Q

dimer

A

2 molecules bonded together

38
Q

trimer

A

3 molecules bonded together

39
Q

oligomer

A

several (4-5) molecules bonded together

40
Q

polymer

A

is a long sting of molecules that can be identical or vary

41
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaking a bond when water is added

42
Q

dehydration

A

removal of water

43
Q

hydration

A

addition of water

44
Q

aerobic

A

oxygen needs to be present

45
Q

Anaerobic

A

takes place in low-no oxygen

46
Q

lipophiliic

A

mostly apolar

47
Q

phosphorylation

A

product or molecule or protein is energized by adding a phosphate group and hence the energy of a phosphate bond

48
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving/polar

49
Q

hydrophobic

A

water hating/apolar

50
Q

gas exchange

A

when a process requires the substrate in gas form, usually as CO2 or O2

51
Q

Uptake

A

roots obtaining something

52
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown

53
Q

apoptosis

A

damage control or death when cells are damaged

54
Q

senescence

A

when the plant undergoes the process of dying

PLSC 317 (6 decks)

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