Lecture 2.1: Biochem Review Flashcards
How are metabolic processes separated
by specific organs, cell tissues, and molecule conformation (shape)
what make up the team of helper molecules
enzymes, coenzymes, and cofactors
8 universal biochemical features of plant metabolism
- takes place in regular living conditions
- revolves around pathways controlled by enzymes
- Genes control enzymes
- Use energy associated with chemical bonds
- Uses protons, electrons, and charges
- has apolar and polar regions
- Usually like aerobic conditions
- Can build products and break things down
what are the regular living conditions that plant metabolism takes place in
above freezing to 45-50C and normal ambient atmospheric pressure
what conditions does inorganic/organic chem happen in
extreme pressures and temperatures
How do enzymes act like catalysts
they lower the heat of activation, allow intermediate steps to occur, and increase the frequency of molecular collision
How do genes control enzymes
they have the info to make and encode proteins and enzymes
what is the chemical bond typically used by plants to use energy and why
phosphate bonds. They activate molecules like in ATP
Gibbs Free Energy
determines if a reaction can happen or not (measured in joules)
processes that give out heat = (positive or negative)
positive
processes that require heat = (negative or positive)
negative
Is ATP or ADP stronger
ATP
how do plants activate sugars and proteins
by adding a phosphate group to them
ADP
adenosine-di-phosphate
ATP
adenosine-tri-phosphate
How do plants use charge
use redox reaction, oxidations, and reductions
what are the 3 molecules used to use charge (oxidized/reduced)
NAD/NADH; NADP/NADPH; FAD/FADH2
enzymes
proteins that act as a catalyst to the steps in pathways
proteins
a polymer made of amino acids
what do enzymes often work together with in metabolism
coenzymes and metal cofactors
what do metal cofactors do
they allow the enzyme to change a substrate bond
How are enzymes catagorized
arranged in classes depending on roles
why do some enzymes have more than one name?
because of history and developing names as discoveries are made
pathway
a series of steps where molecule A is changed to B to C…. to N
substrate
the molecule that is about to be converted in a step
product
the result of the reaction step (usually controlled by an enzyme)
_____ are usually reversible
enzymes
autocatalyzed/feedforward mechanism
when the production of a product makes a pathway fun faster
feedback mechanism
when the production of a product makes a pathway run slower
equilibrium
the reaction is steady and there are equal amounts of 2 forms of a molecule or reaction
isomer
mirror image (like a left and right foot)
cis
kinked but straight form
trans
bent form like a boat
how are fatty acids catagorized
categorized as cis or trans depending on the hydrogenation of their long tails
analog
a slightly different version of a base molecule that differs due to variation of a side group
monomer
a single molecule
dimer
2 molecules bonded together
trimer
3 molecules bonded together
oligomer
several (4-5) molecules bonded together
polymer
is a long sting of molecules that can be identical or vary
hydrolysis
breaking a bond when water is added
dehydration
removal of water
hydration
addition of water
aerobic
oxygen needs to be present
Anaerobic
takes place in low-no oxygen
lipophiliic
mostly apolar
phosphorylation
product or molecule or protein is energized by adding a phosphate group and hence the energy of a phosphate bond
hydrophilic
water loving/polar
hydrophobic
water hating/apolar
gas exchange
when a process requires the substrate in gas form, usually as CO2 or O2
Uptake
roots obtaining something
catabolism
breakdown
apoptosis
damage control or death when cells are damaged
senescence
when the plant undergoes the process of dying
