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BIO 202 > Lecture 5 DNA > Flashcards

Lecture 5 DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA is a macromolecule. What are the subunits (monomers) of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

What is a nucleotide made of? (3)

A

1- A molecule of sugar
2- A phosphate group
3- A nitrogen containing molecule (base)

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3
Q

What is the “backbone” of DNA made of?

A

Sugar + phosphate groups alternating

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4
Q

What are the 4 possible bases of DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine

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5
Q

What are the 2 possible pairs between the DNA bases?

A

A-T and G-C (or vice-versa)

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6
Q

Why is the order of the nitrogen bases important?

A

Because it codes for the building of polypeptides (proteins)

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7
Q

How is called the full set of DNA of an organism

A

Genome

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8
Q

In what form is the DNA of procaryotes arranged? Where are they located?

A

circular, in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

In what form is the DNA of eucaryotes arranged?Where are they located?

A

Linear, in the nucleus

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10
Q

What are the separate pieces of DNA called?

A

Chromosomes

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11
Q

What are called the 3000 bases long sequences of DNA?

A

Genes

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12
Q

What is called the position of a gene on a chromosome?

A

Locus

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13
Q

What is the use of genes?

A

Each genes codes for a specific protein

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14
Q

How are called the different versions of a gene within a specie?

A

alleles

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15
Q

When we talk about traits, we refer to…

A

The specific characteristics and features of an organism

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16
Q

How much of our DNA is made of genes? What is the rest made of?

A

2% of our DNA is made of coding DNA (genes), the rest is “junk” DNA (non-coding)

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17
Q

How are called the non-coding regions between genes?

A

Intergenic regions

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18
Q

How are called the non-coding regions within genes?

A

Introns

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19
Q

What are the 2 possible uses of non-coding gene regions?

A

Gene regulation or reservoir of potentially useful sequences

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20
Q

What is a genotype?

A

All the genes that an organism carries for particular traits

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21
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The expression of a genotype (the particular traits)

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22
Q

What are the 2 steps to go from a genotype into a phenotype?

A

Transcription and then translation

23
Q

What is the first step to DNA transcription? What happens?

A

Recognize and bind; RNA polymerase binds to the promoter site and splits the DNA into 2

24
Q

What is a promoter site? What does it do?

A

Its the base sequence that announces the start of a gene, that is where DNA polymerase will bind

25
Q

What is the second step of DNA transcription?

A

Transcribe: RNA polymerase builds a copy of the gene, which is called messenger RNA (mRNA)

26
Q

What are the 4 bases of mRNA?

A

A, U(uracil), C, G

27
Q

What are the pairs between DNA and mRNA bases?

A

T-A
A-U
G-C
C-G

28
Q

What is the third step of DNA transcription?

A

Terminate; when polymerase sees the termination sequence of a gene, it stops copying it, and mRNA detaches from DNA

29
Q

In which cells mRNA needs more processing before moving onto other parts of the cell?

A

in Eukaryotic cells

30
Q

Where does mRNA goes after copying a gene?

A

From the nucleus to the cytoplasm

31
Q

Which molecule is involved in the translation part of DNA reading?

A

tRNA (transfer RNA)

32
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

It translates mRNA into amino acid chains

33
Q

How long is the sequence that indicates the formation of 1 amino acid on mRNA?

A

3 bases (= 1 codon)

34
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

35
Q

What organelle is used to translate DNA into proteins?

A

Ribosomes

36
Q

What does the process of protein synthesis refers to?

A

The process where tRNA will read mRNA, and with the help of ribosomes, make amino acids and attach them into polypeptide chain

37
Q

What is gene expression?

A

the production of the protein that a gene sequence codes for

38
Q

What is gene regulation?

A

whether a gene is turned on or off

39
Q

What is a positive gene regulation?

A

Speeding up the production of proteins

40
Q

What is a negative gene regulation?

A

Slowing down the production of proteins

41
Q

What is Lac Operon? in which bacteria is it present?

A

It’s present in E-Coli bacteria, and its a mechanism switched on when glucose is not present to nourish the bacteria; it will start to digest lactose for energy rather than glucose

42
Q

What is an operon in Lac Operon?

A

Its a system that controls gene expression of several genes as a unit, allowing the bacteria to switch its digestion to digesting lactose

43
Q

What is an enhancer sequence?

A

a nucleotide sequence that increases the rate of gene transcription

44
Q

How is negative control achieved?

A

When chemicals bind to DNA and block gene transcription temporairly

45
Q

What is a mutation in a gene sequence?

A

It is the alteration of the bases sequence in DNA

46
Q

What happens when mutations occur in the gametes?

A

The disease is transmitted to offspring

47
Q

What do most mutations do?

A

Nothing, most of them are on non-coding DNA

48
Q

What happens if a mutation occurs on coding DNA?

A

It can causes diseases and alter the production of proteins

49
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

When base pairs are substituted, added or deleted

50
Q

What is a chromosomal abberation?

A

When the organization of genes on a chromosome changes (it can be deleted = deletion, moved = relocation, or copied = duplication)

51
Q

What are the 3 chief causes of mutations?

A
  1. Spontaneous
  2. Radiation-induced
  3. Chemically induced
52
Q

What is the path briefly from mutation to illness?

A
  1. Mutated gene codes for non-functioning protein
  2. enzyme (protein) does not catalyze reactions
  3. the molecule it would have reacted with accumulates in the body
  4. the chemical accumulation causes disease
53
Q

What is a possible tratment for mutations?

A

A medication containing the enzyme that the genes cant produce

BIO 202 (10 decks)

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