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BIO 202 > Lecture 3 - Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which is the level of biological hiaerachy following atoms?

A

Cells

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2
Q

How was the antibiotic penicillin discovered?

A

When Flemming discovered that bacteria could not approach a certain strain of fungi called penicillium, because it created penicillin

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3
Q

What does the cells theory states?

A

That all living organisms are made up of more than one cell

That all cells come form other cells

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4
Q

What are the 2 basic categories of cells, and what is the main structural difference between the 2

A

Eucaryotic (have a nucleus) and procaryotic (no nucleus, DNA in cytoplasm)

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5
Q

Where do eucaryotic cells come from?

A

Invagination or endosymbiosis

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6
Q

What is the process of invagination?

A

When the plasma membrane folds on itself to welcome an organelle

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7
Q

What is the process of endosymbiosis?

A

When other procaryotic cells are engulfed by the plasma membrane of an eucaryotic cell, and the engulfed cell becomes an organelle

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8
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane

A
  • Take food/nutrients in
  • Dispose of waste
  • Build and export molecules
  • Regulating heat exchange
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9
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer making the plasma membrane of all cells is made of?

A

1 portion of hydrophilic (polar) glycerol head

1 portion of hydrophobic (non polar) carbon/hydrogen tail

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10
Q

What is the cell plasma membrane permeable to? and Impermeable to?

A

Permeable to : water and gasses

Impermeable to: larger polar/non polar molecules

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11
Q

What is diffusion

A

Moving from clustered to diffused

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12
Q

What is a solute?

A

What is dissolved

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13
Q

What is a solvent?

A

Thing in which solute is dissolved

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14
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Diffusions of small hydrophilic molecules (o2 and CO2) through the cell membrane

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15
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Transport proteins make the diffusion of bigger, polar molecules easier through the cell membrane

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16
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The passive distribution of water across the membrane

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17
Q

What is the goal of osmosis?

A

Make a solution isotonic (water concentrations are equal inside and outside the cell)

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18
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

The concentration of solute is lower outside of the cell (water will enter the cell to balance)

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19
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

The concentration of solute is higher outside of the cell (water will exit the cell to balance)

20
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The difference of concentration between 2 solutions

21
Q

What is endocytosis/exocytosis?

A

The transport of particules in bulk (many at a time)

22
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

A cell engulfing another, creating a vesicle

23
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

When particles have to bind to a specific receptor before being engullfed (ex: LDL in liver cells)

24
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

Same as phagocytosis but with smaller vesicles

25
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

When a transport vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and expulses the contents outside

26
Q

What are tight junctions? beteween which type of cell?

A

Animal cells; a water-tight seal between cells

27
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Act like velcro that fastens cells together (not creating a water tight seal)

28
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

A type of cell junction that leaves a passage between the cells

29
Q

What is the nucleus? What are its functions?

A

The biggest organelle in the cell, contains DNA and its membrane is called the nuclear enveloppe

30
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

It is where ribosomes are assembled (into the nucleus)

31
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Protein fibers that support cell movement in cells, made of microtubules (moving organelles around) and microfilaments (ex muscle fibers), intermediate filaments (giving rigidity to the cell) and cilia/flagella, that help the cell move around

32
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

Extract energy from food and oxygen and help the cell to function (basically an ATP factory)
Made of intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

33
Q

What are lisosomes?

A

Cell’s garbage disposal bins

Contain over 40 enzymes that digest substances

34
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

Its made of several organelles that produce/modify molecules to be brought to other parts of the cell

35
Q

What is the endomembrane system composed of?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth); transport system (protein factory)
The Golgi apparatus (shipping center for proteins)

36
Q

What are the plant-specific organelles?

A

Cell wall
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts

37
Q

What is the use of the cell wall

A

provides additional protection and support for plant cells (cellulose)

38
Q

What is the use of the Vacuoles

A

Storage units of many substances

39
Q

What is the use of the Chloroplasts

A

The site of photosynthesis

40
Q

What are the 2 types of active transport?

A

Primary (when ATP is used as fuel)

Secondary (when one molecule is moved against its concentration gradient using energy)

41
Q

What are the 2 types of membrane proteins

A

transmembrane (through the membrane)

surface (inside or outside)

42
Q

What are receptor proteins

A

attach with other cells or with chemicals

43
Q

What are recognition proteins

A

allows the immune system to differentiate between body cells and intruders cells

44
Q

What are transport proteins

A

help polar substances to pass through the membrane

45
Q

What are membrane enzymes

A

accelerate chemical reactions

BIO 202 (10 decks)

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