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BIO 202 > Lecture 2 Chemistry > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Chemistry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass/takes space

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2
Q

element

A

Substance that cant be broken down into more substances

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3
Q

Atom

A

Bit of matter that cant be divided anymore without losing its properties

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4
Q

What is the center of an atom?

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

What is in the nucleus of an atom?

A

Subatomic particles (protons and neutrons, usually the same nbr)

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6
Q

How many electrons are there in an atom?

A

Same nbr as protons

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7
Q

What is the elctrical charge of a proton?

A

Positive

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8
Q

What is the elctrical charge of a neutron?

A

Neutral

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9
Q

What is the elctrical charge of an electron?

A

Negative

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10
Q

Review the periodic table image

A

You can do this :)

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11
Q

What is the atomic nbr?

A

Nbr of protons (and also electrons)

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12
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

Total mass of protons + neutrons

Mean of isotopes weight in periodic table

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13
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atom w a different number of neutrons

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14
Q

What are the top 4 elements in the human body?

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Make 96% of body mass
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15
Q

Where do electrons move?

A

Around nucleus, on different shells

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16
Q

How many electrons can the first 3 shells contain?

A

2-8-8

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17
Q

After an exchange of electrons, what is the charge of the atom if it:

  • Lost an electron?
  • Got an electron?
A
  • Positive (bc there are more protons)

- Negative (bc there are more electrons)

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18
Q

How do we call an atom after an exchange of electrons?

A

An ion

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19
Q

What is called atoms bonded together?

A

A molecule

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20
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing electrons between atoms (double bond = sharing 2 pairs)

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21
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Transferring electrons between atoms, then the 2 oppositely charged atoms attract each other and stay close

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22
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Whole molecules bonding together held by hydrogen atoms (see polarity card)

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23
Q

What is polarity?

A

When electrons of an atom go more towards another atom in a molecule because the atom is slightly more positively charged
EXAMPLE
Oxygen (8 protons) = slightly positive
Hydrogen (1 proton) = less positive than O
Atoms in covalent bond will gravitate more towards the oxygen atom, making is slightly more negative
Therefore, when 2 molecules of water meet, the hydrogen atom of one molecule (positive) will go towards the oxygen atom (negative), bonding the molecules together

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24
Q

What makes water cohesive?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

What are the 4 main properties of water?

A
  • Cohesion (bc of hydrogen bonds) (high surface tension)
  • Large heat capacity (lots of energy required to heat it)
  • Low density as a solid (because molecules organize in a pattern)
  • Good solvent (any polar molecule dissolves well bc it attaches to either O- or H+)
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26
Q

What is composed a solution of a neutral pH?

A

When there are equal parts of H+ ions and OH- ions coming from water after the solute was dissolved into it

27
Q

WHat is the pH of a solution with more H+ ions?

A

More H+ = +acidic

Less = more basic

28
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4

29
Q

What are buffers?

A

Chemicals in our blood that regulate pH by sending more H+ or removing some

30
Q

What are the 4 types of macromolecules in our food?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
31
Q

What are examples and features of carbohydrates “monosaccharides/simple sugars”?

A

Glucose and fructose

32
Q

What is glucose commonly refered to as? What is it used for?

A

Blood sugar

  • Used as fuel for activities
  • Stored temporairly as glycogen in tissues
  • Converted to fat on the long term
33
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 simple sugars bonded together

34
Q

How are called 2 or more sugars bonded together?

A

Polysaccharides

35
Q

What is longer to digest; mono or poly saccharides? why?

A

Polysaccharides, because they have more bonds that need to be broken down (slow sugars)

36
Q

What are 2 examples of indigestible carbs? What are they used for?

A

Chitin and cellulose; they serve as structural material for plants in nature, and in our diet they are considered “fibers”; help digestion

37
Q

What kind of molecules are lipids?

A

they are non-polar, hydrophobic molecules (they do not like water)

38
Q

What are called molecules that form Hydrogen bonds w water?

A

Hydrophilic

39
Q

What are the 2 components of fats?

A
  • Head (glycerol)

- Tail(s) (fatty acids - hydrocarbons)

40
Q

What is called the unit of fat composed of head and tail?

A

Triglycerides

41
Q

Which breakdown generates mroe energy? cabrs or fat?

A

Fat

42
Q

What is called a fat solid at room T?

A

Fat

43
Q

What is called a fat liquid at room T?

A

oil

44
Q

What is the characteristic of a saturated fat?

A

Each C in the tail of fatty acids bound to 2 H: makes the tails straight
This type of fat is not essential to the diet (harmful)
solid at room temp

45
Q

What is the characteristic of a unsaturated fat?

A

Some C only have one H in the tail, and some C have double bonds together, making the tail kinked
This type of fat lowers cholesterol levels, its “healthier”
Liquid at room temp

46
Q

What is a mono-unsaturated fat?

A

When there is only 1 double bond between 2 carbon atoms in the fatty acid tail of a triglyceride

47
Q

What is a poly-unsaturated fat?

A

When there are 2+ double bonds between 2 carbon atoms in the fatty acid tail of a triglyceride

48
Q

What is hydrogenation? What does it produces?

A

Adding H to tails of unsaturated fats to make it saturated (never perfect)
Creates trans fats: VERY unhealthy

49
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Transformed saturated fat (small quantities are essential, but too much is harmful)
NOT A FAT, its a STEROL

50
Q

What are the 4 types of sterols?

A

-Cholesterol
-Steroid hormones
-Phospholipids
-Waxes
THESE ARE NOT FATS

51
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids

52
Q

What are the 4 components of a protein?

A
  • Hydrogen atom
  • Carboxyl group (CO2)
  • Amino group (NH3)
  • Side chain (unique to each)
53
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Those that cant be produced by our body

54
Q

What are complete proteins?

A

Contain all amino acids

55
Q

What is a peptide

A

The link between 2 amino acids

56
Q

What are the 4 structures of a protein?

A
  1. Polypeptide chain (primary)
  2. H bonds throughout chain (Secondary)
  3. Chain folds on itself (tertiary)
  4. Many chains attach together (quartenary)
57
Q

What is denaturation of a protein?

A

Unfolding it (heat, pH, etc)

58
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

59
Q

What is an active site?

A

Where a substrate (molecule) binds on the enzyme so its bonds can be broken

60
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Needed for any chemical reaction to occur, enzymes lower it

61
Q

The rate of reaction of enzymes depend on:

A
  • Concentration of enzyme/substrate
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Inhibitors/activators
62
Q

What are Inhibitors?

A

inhibitors reduce enzyme activity,
competitive binds to active site
non-competitive alter the enzyme shape

63
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Macromolecules that store info (DNA and RNA)

BIO 202 (10 decks)

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