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BIO 202 > Lecture 4 Energy > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Energy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Photons

A

Particles that move in waves from the sun to Earth

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2
Q

How is energy generated?

A

By breaking bonds between atoms

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3
Q

What are biofuels made from?

A

food/plant scraps

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4
Q

What are fossil fuels made from?

A

Coal, oil, etc (fossilised organic matter)

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5
Q

What is photosyntheis (in short)

A

Plants capture the energy from the sun and store it in the chemical bonds of sugar

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6
Q

What is cellular respiration (in short)

A

Organisms release the energy in the plants they eat and use it as fuel

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7
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

Motion, combustion (light, heat)

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8
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Stored energy resulting from an object’s position, location, composition (can be released into kinetic energy later)

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9
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Contained in the chemical bonds between atoms (in food or else)

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10
Q

How much of the energy of the sun is captured by plants?

A

1%

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11
Q

How much of the energy of the sun is captured by oceans, peole, etc (for heating purposes)?

A

70%

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12
Q

How much of the energy of the sun is reflected back into space?

A

30%

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13
Q

What is combustion inefficiency?

A

Energy is lost in the form of heat in ANY energy transfer

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14
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy is never generated nor destroyed

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15
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

An energy tranfer is never perfect, there is always a loss of energy

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16
Q

How do plants fuel chemical reactions?

A

The energy of the sun cannot be used directly, so it is captured in ATP

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17
Q

What does ATP stands for?

A

Adenosine Tri Phosphaste

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18
Q

What is an ATP molecule composed of (3)?

A

Adenine (Nitrogen base), Ribose (sugar) and 3 Phosphate groups

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19
Q

What happens to ATP when it losts a phosphate group

A

It becomes ADP (Adenosine DiPhosphate)

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20
Q

Where is the energy contained in a ATP molecule?

A

In the bonds of the phosphate groups

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21
Q

What is the goal of an ADP molecule?

A

Recharge into ATP by gaining a phosphate group

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22
Q

Where does plant matter come from?

A

Plants use the energy of the sun to turn 6CO2 into glucose molecules, while releasing O2

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23
Q

What are the input of Photosynthesis?

A

Sunlight + Water + CO2

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24
Q

What are the output of Photosynthesis?

A

O2 + Sugar (glucose)

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25
Q

What is the “photo” part of photosynthesis?

A

The energy from the sun is captured

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26
Q

Why is water important in photosynthesis?

A

It provides electrons

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27
Q

What are chloroplasts composed of?

A

Outer and innner membrane + sacks

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28
Q

What are the sacks of chloroplasts named and what are they used for?

A

Thylakoid, this is where the light is converted to chemical energy

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29
Q

What is the stroma of chloroplasts and what is it used for?

A

its the fluid in which thylakoids float, and on which photosystems are attached. This is where photo energy is converted into sugar “synthesis part”

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30
Q

What determines the amount of energy carried by a photon

A

the length of the wave in which photons travel

31
Q

Shorter wavelenghts carry more or less energy?

A

More

32
Q

What is the main pigment in plants that absorbs energy from the sun?

A

Chlorophyll

33
Q

Which color chlorophyll does NOT absorb (and therefore reflects)?

A

Green

34
Q

Which pigment reflects orange and red pigments?

A

Carotenoids

35
Q

What happens to photons when they are absorbed by chlorophyll?

A

They enter an excited state

36
Q

What are the 2 options of excited electrons in the chloroplasts?

A

1- Returning to a resting state (which release energy)

2- Electrons are being passed to other atoms (what will drive photosynthesis)

37
Q

Where do the electrons excited by the photons in the chloroplasts come from?

A

WATER

38
Q

Which component of water is bumped by photons and initiates the electron transport chain?

A

H+ ions

39
Q

What are the 3 output of the photo reactions?

A

ATP
NADPH
Oxygen

40
Q

Where do the excited electrons have to go in the first photosystem?

A

In the chlorphyll a

41
Q

What special molecule is in chlorophyll a, what does it do?

A

A primary electron acceptor grabs excited electrons from chlorophyll a and begins the electron transport chain

42
Q

Where does the oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from?

A

From WATER; H+ ions and O2 ions are separated

H+ = electron supplier for transport chain, O2 becomes by-product

43
Q

Where does the 1st electron transport chain leads to?

A

The second photosystem

44
Q

What happens at each step of the electron transport chain?

A

Electrons release energy. Therefore, after each step they are on a lowe energy state than before

45
Q

What is the energy of the 1st transport chain used for?

A

Fuelling pumps in thylakoid membranes that will move protons from the stroma to inside the thylakoid, creating a store of potential energy in the thylakoid sack

46
Q

What happens when enough electrons are stored in the thylakoid pump ? (1st transport chain)

A

The potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy when the electrons rush out with great force through an ATP molecule

47
Q

What is the energy from the thylakoid pump release used for? (1st transport chain)

A

Making ATP from ADP and free-floating phosphate groups

48
Q

How is the second photosystem supplied in electrons?

A

By the electrons from the 1st transport chain

49
Q

What is the product of the second electron transport chain?

A

Using NADP+ to create NADPH

50
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occurs?

A

In the stroma of the leaves (outside thylakoids)

51
Q

What part of the photosynthesis process does the Calvin Cycle corresponds to?

A

The “synthesis” part

52
Q

What happens in the first step of the Calvin Cycle (fixation)?

A

Rubisco (enzyme) plucks carbon from the air and attaches it to an organic molecule with 5C in the chloroplasts

53
Q

What happens in the second step of the Calvin Cycle (Sugar creation)?

A

The new molecule (6C) is splif in half

54
Q

What happens in the second step of the Calvin Cycle (Sugar creation) after the 6C molecule is split in half?

A

Each half is modified (added phosphate group and electrons); the result is G3P

55
Q

What are some G3P from the calvin cycle used for? If not, what are they used for?

A

To make glucose/fructose (sugars), other molecules are rearranged into the original 5C molecules

56
Q

How many turns of the Calvin Cycle does it take to synthesize 1 molecule of G3P, and how much energy does it take?

A

3 turns, and 9ATP+6NADPH

57
Q

What are the plant’s stomatas

A

Small openings on the underside of their leaves, that they can open or close to let gasses through. Also prevents water loss in high temperature areas

58
Q

When happens cellular respiration, and what is this process? (big picture)

A

it happens after photosynthesis, and it transforms glucose and oxygen in energy, water and CO2

59
Q

What is the first process included in cellular respiration?

A

Glycosis

60
Q

What is the first phase of glycosis? What happens there?

A

An “uphill” preparatory phase: ATP is used to break down glucose in 2 pyruvates

61
Q

What is the second phase of glycosis? What happens there

A

A “downhill” payoff phase: Sugar bonds are broken (release energy), and are used to attach phosphate groups to ADP (creating ATP), and to bond NAD+ with H+ to form NADPH

62
Q

What is the second process of cellular respiration

A

The Krebs Cycle (or citric acid cycle)

63
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

A

In the mitochondria

64
Q

How are the pyruvates modified before the Krebs Cycle? (3 steps)

A

1- It passes electrons to NAD+ (=NAPDH)
2- 1C and 2O are removed (releasing CO2)
3- Coenzyme A attaches to it (producing 2 acetyl-CoAs)

65
Q

What is the first possible outcome of the citric acid cycle?

A

A new molecule is formed (acetyl-CoA attaches to oxaloacetate and creates citrate)

66
Q

What is the second possible outcome of the citric acid cycle?

A

NADPH is made and CO2 is released

67
Q

What is the third possible outcome of the citric acid cycle?

A

The starting material (oxaloacetate) is reformed

68
Q

What is the third and last process of cellular respiration

A

Electron transport chain

69
Q

What is the first step of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

A

NADH gives electrons and returns to citric acid cycle

70
Q

What is the second step of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

A

The electrons move through a chain, releasing energy at each step (accumulating in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria)

71
Q

What is the third step of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

A

The electrons are combined with O2 to create water

72
Q

What is the last step of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

A

The electrons are released, and energy is used to attach phosphate groups to ADP (=ATP)

73
Q

What happens when there is no oxygen for cellular respiration? (during exercise?)

A

Glycosis is used, since it doesnt require O. It’s then called fermentation and it produces little ATP and lactic acid

BIO 202 (10 decks)

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