lecture 5- consciousness

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

being aware of environment, thoughts and feelings

Question 2

introspection

Answer 2

basic units of experience/consciousness

Question 3

behaviorism

Answer 3

consciousness is unimportant and only behavior matters

Question 4

cognitive psychology

Answer 4

return to mental states and consciousness
- brain imaging and consciousness

Question 5

drugs affects neurons

Answer 5

drugs like cocaine can block reuptake in synapse

Question 6

agonist

Answer 6

increases activity of neurotransmitters and mimics them
ex: heroin increases endorphins

Question 7

antagonists

Answer 7

decreases activity of neurotransmitters and can block receptors so that they cant connect

Question 8

substance use disorder

Answer 8

drug related stress or impairment

Question 9

tolerance

Answer 9

weaker drug effects with repeated use

Question 10

physical dependance

Answer 10

take drugs to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms

Question 11

psychological dependance

Answer 11

take drugs because of intense cravings

Question 12

depressants

Answer 12

inhibit central neural system functions
- ex: alcohol
- GABA agonist deactivates glutamate (drug mimics GABA and causes a slowing of the CNS because glutamate usually speeds up CNS but drug agonist would deactivate that)
- activates opiod receptors that release endorphins

Question 13

Stimulants

Answer 13

• speed up CNS
• dopamine, and serotonin inhibitor
• block reuptake increases affect of nt that is being blocked, so serotonin increases
• amps people up and has positive effects
  ex: cocaine

Question 14

cannabis

Answer 14

• has hallucinogen, depressant and stimulant properties
• CBD can have medical benefits (helps child epilepsy)
• THC: psychoactive part

Question 15

endocannabinoid system

Answer 15

• discovered because of weed
• helps regulate sleep, mood, memory and appetite

Question 16

narcotics

Answer 16

• slow/stop breathing (brain stem)
• can inhibit pain signals (in spinal cord because it has opioid receptors)
• used medically for pain

Question 17

Opiates vs opioids

Answer 17

opiates are natural (morphine, heroin and codeine)
and opioids are natural and synthetic (fentanyl, methadone)

Question 18

circadian rhythm

Answer 18

cyclical changes in our biological processes that occur roughly in a 24 hour basis
- has relationship with light

Question 19

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 19

releases melatonin

Question 20

pathway linking light to melatonin

Answer 20

light entering eye that is detected by retinohypothalamic tract, then it reaches suprachiasmatic nucleus and the amount of light that enters determines the release of melatonin

Question 21

disruptions to circadian rhythm

Answer 21

-daytime: more light, less melatonin
- night time
- night shift: low natural light
- jet lag
- daylight saving time: shifts when we see light

Question 22

awake

Answer 22

beta waves (14-30Hz)

Question 23

calm wakefulness

Answer 23

alpha waves (8-12Hz)

Question 24

stage 1

Answer 24

theta waves (4-7 Hz)

Question 25

myoclonic

Answer 25

feeling of falling or rapid movement that occurs in stage 1 of sleep

Question 26

stage 2

Answer 26

- k complex: organizes memories, brain inhibition and info processing - sleep spindles: consolidates/stabilizes memory - 65% of sleep is in stage 2

Question 27

stage 3 and 4

Answer 27

delta waves (2-4 Hz) - deep sleep - physical healing and growth

Question 28

rapid eye movement (REM)

Answer 28

- paradoxical and short fast brain activty but still asleep - beta waves (14-30) - 10-30 minutes - eyes moving rapidly - most likely to have weird dreams in rem

Question 29

full sleep cycle

Answer 29

- full sleep cycle is about 90 minutes - spend less time in stages 3 and 4 in later hours of sleep - length of time in rem increases as time goes on

Question 30

activation-synthesis theory

Answer 30

- pons: activation - spontaneous activation across whole brain at night - pons sends signals for things that are not really there - cerebral cortex: synthesis - inteprets/synthesizes activity to try to make sense of it all

Question 31

hypnosis

Answer 31

hightened suggestibility - more likely to do what others say - mesmer was the first user - can help stop addiction and help with pain

Question 32

induction method of hypnosis

Answer 32

-focus on singular stimulus - forget about all other stimuli and focus on one thing to make you calm

Question 33

empathy and hypnosis

Answer 33

- people who are more empathetic are more likely to respond to hypnosis - can easily understand what others are experiencing

Question 34

two theories of hypnosis

Answer 34

dissociation and sociocognitive

Question 35

dissociation

Answer 35

ernest hilgard says there is a hidden observer against the rest of the mind - hidden observer is still in control and is thinking and understanding - rest of the mind is under hypnosis

Question 36

sociocognitive theory

Answer 36

hypnotism is like playing a social role (stepping into a role) - does not involve an altered state of consciousness - if you expect it to work it will more likely work

Question 37

myths of hypnosis

Answer 37

1. can make you do things you dont want 2. is a sleep (brain waves in calm/full wakefulness) 3. people under hypnosis are unaware of surroundings