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psy 102 > lecture 1 - what is psych > Flashcards

lecture 1 - what is psych Flashcards

1
Q

naive realism

A

we believe that we see the world exactly as is

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2
Q

4 goals of psychology

A
  1. describe: what is happening?
  2. why: why do people act a certain way?
  3. predict: can we anticipate how people will behave?
  4. limit: stop harmful behaviors or thoughts
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3
Q

levels of analysis

A
  1. biological: molecular
  2. psychological: mental events, feelings
  3. social/cultural: how people interact
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4
Q

scientific method

A
  1. observe
  2. hypothesize
  3. predict
  4. test
  5. modify
  6. repeat
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5
Q

challenges to psychology

A
  • multiple determinism
  • individual difference
  • social/cultural differences
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6
Q

multiple determinism

A

many reasons why someone could be acting a certain way

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7
Q

individual difference

A

everyone has different experiences and histories so everyone will be different

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8
Q

social/cultural differences

A

in some cultures its more acceptable for kids to be more violent so we should account for things like that
- some can be accustomed to things that others are not

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9
Q

reasons for scientific method

A
  • confirmation bias
  • belief perseverance
  • also maybe naive realism
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10
Q

confirmation bias

A

we seek evidence that supports what we already know or believe
- we dont want to be wrong so we ignore info that can disprove

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11
Q

belief perseverance

A

we stick to our beliefs even whe evidence contradicts them

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12
Q

pseudoscience

A

a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regardeed as being based on scientific methods

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13
Q

signs of pseudoscience

A
  • exagerated claims
  • over reliance on anecdotes
  • lack of external peer review
  • proof instead of evidence
  • psychobabble
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14
Q

exagerated claims

A

statements that seem too good to be true
- big claims need big evidence

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15
Q

over reliance on anecdotes

A
  • relying on what people feel and their stories instead of actual data
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16
Q

lack of external peer review

A

need verification from outside sources

17
Q

proof rather than evidence

A
  • countless studies but no sata shown
18
Q

psychobabble

A

using fancy terms but they really mean nothing

19
Q

dangers of pseudoscience

A
  • opportunity cost
  • erosion of trust
  • harm
20
Q

opportunity cost

A

what you give up in order to get something
-ex: buying a vitamin instead of working out

21
Q

erosion of trust

A

people stop believing science and start belive pseusdoscience

22
Q

harm

A
  • can hurt people
  • candace newmaker died from an experiment that was pseudoscience
23
Q

why people believe in pseudoscience

A
  • sunk cost
  • confirmation bias
  • dunning-kruger effect
24
Q

sunk cost

A

“i already invested this much in it, i might as well keep going”

25
Q

dunning kruger effect

A

the less you know, the more you think you know and vice versa

26
Q

safeguards against psuedoscience

A
  • rival hypothesis
  • correlation and causation
  • falsifiability
  • replicability
  • extraordinary claims
  • parsimony/ocams razor
27
Q

structuralism

A

looked at the building blocks of experience and behaviours
- basic elements of consciousness
- complexe experiences are broken down
- doesnt answer the 4 qs of psych
- willhelm wundt (1879)
- used introspection

28
Q

introspection

A

Wundt’s technique where he would ask about basic feelings to get objective answers
- ex: asked how it feels to drink water and wanted to know how it felt, tasted, looked without getting any info from previus experiences
- doesnt really work because of subjectivity (individual differences) and imagless thoughts (have past memories that do effect)

29
Q

functionalism

A

why we have the xperiences that we do and what their utility?
- william james
- ex: why do we pull back when we touch something hot, why do we feel pain?

30
Q

psychoanalysis

A

how we study the unconscious
- freud
- outward behaviour is influenced by unconscious hidden impulses and memories
- mind is like an iceberg
- sexuality and aggression

31
Q

dream analysis

A

focused on studying dreams
- unconscious wish fufilment
- dream can reveal things about the unconscious mind
- limitation: confirmation bias

32
Q

freudian slip

A

when you say one thing but mean something else
- leak of unconscious into conscious mind
- this is hard to falsify

33
Q

behaviorism

A

study at the mind by looking only at observable behaviour
- watson
- ex: baby with the rat that cries. were just looking at his reaction and not why he is crying

34
Q

cognitivism

A

thinking is important to study and affect behaviours
- see whats actually hapening in the brain
- neisser
- see the brain like a computer
- brain scanning

35
Q

current psych

A

psy 102 (8 decks)

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