lecture 3 - neurons

Question 1

3 types of neurons

Answer 1

afferent
interneurons
efferent

Question 2

afferent neurons

Answer 2

take signs from body or environment to the brain

Question 3

interneurons

Answer 3

neurons between neurons that integrate information
most numorous

Question 4

efferent

Answer 4

take signals from the brain to the rest of the body

Question 5

parts of the neuron

Answer 5

dendrites
soma
myelin sheath
axon
synapse
axon terminal

Question 6

action potential

Answer 6

electrical signal that is sent down the axon
communication within neuron = electrical

Question 7

soma

Answer 7

• middle part of neuron
• makes protein to repair different parts of the cell
• makes chemicals to send to other neurons
• passes down message to axon terminal

Question 8

dendrites

Answer 8

• detect chemical messages
• other neurons will connect to them

Question 9

axon

Answer 9

passageway that send messages

Question 10

axon terminal

Answer 10

end of the axons
- sends neurotransmitters

Question 11

synapse

Answer 11

• junction between neurons
• where neurotransmitters are released

Question 12

myelin sheath

Answer 12

wrapped around axons to protect them and help increase action potential speed and make strong electrical messages

Question 13

depolarized

Answer 13

neurons become depolarized during an action potential when positive particles flow into the axon

Question 14

neuron at rest

Answer 14

is polarized
has a negative pole inside
positive pole outside

Question 15

functions of gial cells

Answer 15

• scaffolding: gives structure
• nutrients and oxygen: gial bring nutrients to neurons
• insulators: provide myelin sheath
• house keepers: clean waste made by neurons

Question 16

presynaptic side

Answer 16

neuron that is sending a message on to the next one

Question 17

postsynaptic side

Answer 17

neuron that is receiving messages from another one

Question 18

how synapse works

Answer 18

= chemical messages
presynaptic releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap and get recepted by receptors that send messages to postsynaptic neurons, which then becomes the pre as the cycle continues

Question 19

vesicles

Answer 19

little packets of neurotransmitters

Question 20

receptors

Answer 20

• joining points
• lock and key principle
• only accept certain shapes
• neurontransmitters will bind to the receptors if they are the right shape

Question 21

Reuptake

Answer 21

unused neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by pre-synaptic neuron
without it, neurotransmitter would just keep activating the postsynaptic neuron

Question 22

excitatory neurotransmissions

Answer 22

transmitter is sent out that excites the next neuron (accelerates it0

Question 23

inhibitory

Answer 23

makes sure that the next neuron is less likely to send an action potential
stopper/braker

Question 24

types of neurotransmitters

Answer 24

• glutamate
• GABA
• dopamine
• endorphines
• serotonine

Question 25

glutamate

Answer 25

- implicated with memory and learning - accelerates

Question 26

GABA

Answer 26

- inhibitor - strongly implicated in learning and memory

Question 27

dopamine

Answer 27

- excites and inhibits - different types of receptors - receptors determine what it willl do - dopamine rewards learning and motivates

Question 28

endorphins

Answer 28

- inhibits pain signals

Question 29

serotonin

Answer 29

- excite or inhibit - implicated in well-being and mood

Question 30

peripheral nervous system

Answer 30

- somatic - automatic --(sympathetic & parasympathetic)

Question 31

Somatic nervous system

Answer 31

- voluntary motions - touch and pain info

Question 32

autonomic nervous system

Answer 32

- involuntary movements - includes sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 33

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 33

- prepares for action

Question 34

parasympathetic

Answer 34

- rest and digest

Question 35

central nervous system

Answer 35

- command center - brain and spinal cord

Question 36

cerebral cortex

Answer 36

outer layer of brain

Question 37

longitudinal fissure

Answer 37

separates left and right hemisphere

Question 38

sulci

Answer 38

grooves all over the brain (inside folds and wrinkles)

Question 39

gyri

Answer 39

ridges on brain (upper part of folds and wrinkles)

Question 40

corpus callosum

Answer 40

- means hard body lets right and left hemispheres communicate w each-other

Question 41

brain stem

Answer 41

- pons: sleep cycle -medulla: automatic system - midbrain: sends sensory to cortex

Question 42

cerebellum

Answer 42

- little brain - controls movement, language, and timing

Question 43

4 lobes of the brain

Answer 43

- frontal - pariental - occipital - temporal

Question 44

frontal lobe

Answer 44

- planning - motor cortex - language

Question 45

parietal lobe

Answer 45

-somatosensory (touch) cortex - integrates sensory info

Question 46

occipital lobe

Answer 46

vision

Question 47

temporal lobe

Answer 47

- hearing - vision - language

Question 48

phineas gage

Answer 48

- phineas gage - pole went through his frontal lobe and changed his behaviours - he became more impulsive

Question 49

problems with studying brain damage

Answer 49

- not reliable because can vary from person to person - global damage: damage can affect more than one are

Question 50

electrical stimulation

Answer 50

- dr. penfield - stimulates certain parts of the brain to find the problem area (where seizures were happening)

Question 51

fMRI

Answer 51

- measures blood flow - pro: good spatial resolution - con: time resolution - cant see fluctuation between miliseconds

Question 52

EEG

Answer 52

- a bunch of sensors measure fluctuations - pro: time can see evry fluctuation per millisecond - con: poor spatial resolution - much less expensive than fMRI