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Bio II > Lecture 5- Animal Diversity I > Flashcards

Lecture 5- Animal Diversity I Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we get from gastrulation?

A

A germ layer and the archenteron- the early digestive system

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2
Q

SEQ early embryonic development

A
  1. Start with diploid zygote
  2. Through cleavage, enter the eight-cell stage (zygote is mitotically dividing without growth)
  3. From eight cell-stage, cleavage again and blastulation to form blastula. Blastula is a hollow ball of cells around blastocoel (blastocoel does not become anything).
  4. Process of gastrulation (inward folding of blastula) is the last step. Gastrula and germ layers are formed as a result.
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3
Q

What is the archenteron/where is it?

A

The archenteron is the tube that forms as the blastula folds inward during gastrulation.

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4
Q

What is the name of the bottom of the tube of the gastrula/the entry into the digestive system?

A

Blastopore

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5
Q

Where is the ectoderm?

A

Outside of gastrula

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6
Q

Where is the endoderm?

A

Inside of gastrula

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7
Q

Homeobox genes

A

Code for proteins that regulate expression of developmental genes, homologous in all animals

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8
Q

Animal Characteristics

A
  • Heterotrophic
  • Multicellular
  • Extracellular matrix
  • Specialized cells/tissues/organs
  • Diploid-dominant
  • Specific, unique development pattern
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9
Q

Describe symmetry vs. asymmetry in body plan of animal

A

Symmetry- Arrangement of body structure in relation to axis of body
Asymmetry: No plane of symmetry through body

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10
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

Any plane through longitudinal axis (sea anemone)

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11
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Only 1 plane through longitudinal axis (halves)- like a lobster, most animals have this

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12
Q

Cephalization

A

Development of a head + clustering of sense organs- central nervous system and sense organs, facilitates complex movement

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13
Q

Bilateral Animal Axes

A

Dorsal/Ventral (dorsal fin= goat’s back, ventral= belly

Anterior/Posterial- front and back (goat’s front includes head, neck etc and goat’s back includes butt)

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14
Q

Germ Layers + when are they formed?

A

Concentric layers of embryonic tissue, formed during the gastrulation process of embryonic development

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15
Q

What are the types of germ layers (3 layers)

A

Ectoderm- outer layer, nervous system
Endoderm- inner layer, lines digestive tube and other organs (lungs)
Mesoderm- middle layer, everything else- muscles, skeleton, etc

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16
Q

Diploblasts (how many germ layers?)

A

Two germ layers- Endoderm and ectoderm

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17
Q

Triploblasts (how many germ layers?)

A

Three germ layers- Endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm

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18
Q

Do diploblasts have body cavities?

A

No, only triploblasts have body cavities

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19
Q

What is the general term for body cavity?

A

Coelom- fluid-filled space between body wall and digestive tube

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20
Q

Name the three types of coelom morphology

A
  1. True Coelomate/Eucoelomate
  2. Pseudocoelomate
  3. Acoelomate
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21
Q

Structure of True Coelomate/Eucoelomate

A

Has ectoderm and endoderm (both outer endoderm and endoderm surrounding digestive tube)

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22
Q

Structure of Pseudocoelomate

A

Has ectoderm and only one layer of endoderm (only outer endoderm, no endoderm surrounding digestive tube)

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23
Q

Structure of Aceolomate

A

No coelom, everything is mushed together and there is no fluid-filled body cavity between gut and body wall

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24
Q

Explain Coelom Evolutionary history

A

True coelom ancestral to pseudocoelom and acoelom. Pseudocoelom and acoelom are derived traits.

25
Q

Advantages of Coelom

A

Circulation- no longer need to be flat, hydrostatic skeleton- support and movement

26
Q

3 Characteristics of classifying by body plan

A
  • Symmetry
  • Embryonic tissue layers
  • Body cavity
27
Q

Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes

A

Protostomes: (Ancestral). Spiral and determinate cleavage. Spiral (cells rotate as they divide) and determinate (set developmental fate from the beginning). The blastopore becomes the mouth, known as first mouth, protostomes develop the mouth first and the anus later in development.

Deuterostomes: (Derived). Radial and indeterminate cleavage. Radial (cells are aligned rather than rotated) and indeterminate (not locked into developmental fate). The blastopore becomes the anus, deuterostomes are known as second mouth, the mouth develops later in development.

Not positive about which was ancestral and which was derived, hypothesis

28
Q

What are the three defining characteristics that separate protostomes and deuterostomes (bilateria)

A
  1. Type of cleavage
  2. Coelom development
  3. Fate of blastopore
29
Q

Sister taxon of Animals

A

Choanoflagellates

30
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A
  • First appearance of many body plans in fossil record
  • 1st evidence of hard body parts
  • Many extant phyla appear, others extinct
31
Q

SDT of Animals

A

Multicellularity, heterotrophy, extra-cellular matrix

32
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Proteins outside cell membrane, connect, support cells, made mostly of collagen

33
Q

True or False: Animal cell walls are composed of collagen

A

False; animal cells do NOT have cell walls

34
Q

What is the difference between fungal heterotrophy and animal heterotrophy?

A

Fungi digest externally whereas animals digest internally

35
Q

What are homeobox genes responsible for?

A

Code for proteins that regulate expression of developmental genes

36
Q

What is the body cavity of bilateria called?

A

Coelom

37
Q

True or False: Protostomes have spiral cleavage and determinate development

A

TRUE

38
Q

What does it mean for a zygote to undergo cleavage? What is the immediate result of cleavage?

A

A zygote undergoes mitotic divisions (cleavage) which results in the eight-cell stage embryo

39
Q

What is a blastula?

A

An animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells

40
Q

True or False: Deuterostomes have radial cleavage and indeterminate development

A

TRUE

41
Q

True or False: Choanoflagellates can be unicellular or multicellular

A

False; choanoflagellates can be unicellular or colonial - not muticellular

42
Q

What is the main protein responsible for supporting the extracellular matrix?

A

Collagen

43
Q

True or False: All opisthokonta are ancestrally heterotrophic

A

TRUE

44
Q

True or False: Homeobox genes are homologous in all animals

A

TRUE

45
Q

What is included in Metazoa? SDT of Metazoa?

A

Porifera
Cnidaria
Acoela
Echinodermata
Chordata
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Mollusca
Annelida
Nematoda
Arthropoda

Multicellular, heterotrophic, Extra-cellular matrix

46
Q

SDT of Metazoa

A

Multicellular, heterotrophic, Extra-cellular matrix

47
Q

What is included in Eumetazoa? SDT of Eumetazoa?

A

Cnidaria
Acoela
Echinodermata
Chordata
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Mollusca
Annelida
Nematoda
Arthropoda

“True Animals”
Tissues and symmetry

48
Q

SDT of Eumetazoa

A

“True Animals”
Tissues and symmetry

49
Q

What is included in Bilateria? SDT of Bilateria?

A

Acoela
Echinodermata
Chordata
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Mollusca
Annelida
Nematoda
Arthropoda

Bilateral symmetry & triploblasty

50
Q

SDT of Bilateria

A

Bilateral symmetry & triploblasty

51
Q

What is included in Nephrozoa? SDT of Nephrozoa?

A

Echinodermata
Chordata
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Mollusca
Annelida
Nematoda
Arthropoda

Coelom & Excretory structures

52
Q

SDT of Nephrozoa

A

Coelom & Excretory structures

53
Q

What is included in Deuterostomia? SDT of Deuterostomia?

A

Echinodermata
Chordata

Deuterostome development (maybe)

54
Q

SDT of Deuterostomia

A

Deuterostome development (maybe)

55
Q

What is included in Protostomia?
SDT of Protostomia?

A

Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Mollusca
Annelida
Nematoda
Arthropoda

Protostome development (maybe)

56
Q

SDT of Protostomia

A

Protostome development (maybe)

57
Q

What is included in Ecdysozoa? SDT of Ecdysozoa?

A

Nematoda
Arthropoda

Ecdysis: molting/shedding of exoskeleton/cuticle

58
Q

What is included in Spiralia? SDT of Spiralia?

A

Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Mollusca
Annelida

Entirely invertebrates
Name reflects that all undergo protostome development
No specific derived morphological trait

Bio II (28 decks)

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