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Bio II > Lecture 1- Phylogenetics Review & Virology > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Phylogenetics Review & Virology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of phages discussed in lecture?

A

Virulent (T4) & Temperate (lamda)

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2
Q

A(n) _______ is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material

A

Capsid, they determine morphology and attachment to host cell

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3
Q

True or False: The lytic cycle results in the death of the host

A

True

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4
Q

What are capsids composed of?

A

Capsomeres (proteins)

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5
Q

True or False: Temperate phages undergo only the lytic cycle

A

False; temperate phages can undergo lytic and lysogenic cycles

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6
Q

Which viral replication cycle(s) do virulent phages undergo?

A

Lytic cycle ONLY

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7
Q

A(n) ______ is the latent form of a bacteriophage genome inserted and integrated into the circular bacterial DNA chromosome

A

Prophage

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8
Q

Taxon

A

Grouping of organisms at any level

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9
Q

Evolution

A

Changes in allele frequency in a population over time

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10
Q

Taxonomy

A

Naming, describing, classifying re binomial nomenclature

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11
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of species or group

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12
Q

Natural selection ensures that _________ traits increase in frequency over time

A

Beneficial

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13
Q

Difference between taxonomy and phylogeny

A

Taxonomy groups organisms based on shared phenotypic traits, while phylogeny shows the descent from common ancestor (descendants do not always have the same traits)

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14
Q

Big idea re taxonomy and phylogeny

A

Taxonomy should reflect phylogeny

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15
Q

Envelope

A

Phospholipid bilayer surrounding capsid, only present in some viruses

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16
Q

Host range

A

Species or tissue that a particular virus can infect, usually narrow- 1 or a few

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17
Q

General Replication Cycle

A

Bind to host cell, genome enters cell, genome replication and gene expression, assembly, exit

18
Q

Lytic cycle

A
  1. The phage infects a cell
  2. The phage DNA circularizes, remaining separate from the host DNA
  3. Phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are made. New phage particles are assembled.
  4. The cell lyses, releasing phage
19
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Replication of viral genome without destroying host cell. Phage genome integrates into bacterial chromosome. When host replicates, phage genome replicates.

20
Q

What does capsid determine?

A

Morphology, involved in attachment to host cell

21
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

Parent to offspring- Phage genome is integrated into bacterial chromosome and when the host replicates, the phage genome replicates

22
Q

What is horizontal transmission?

A

Host-to-host- Replication occurs (phage DNA replicates) and phage proteins are made. The cell lyses and releases phage

23
Q

Temperate phage- what is it capable of?

A

Both lytic and lysogenic replication

24
Q

Virulent phage- what is it capable of?

A

Only lytic replication (horizontal transmission)

25
Q

What are bacterial defenses?

A

Resistance to infection and restriction enzymes

26
Q

A prophage forms ONLY during the __________ cycle

A

Lysogenic

27
Q

Basal Taxon

A

Near common ancestor (First to branch from common ancestor)

28
Q

Extant species

A

Tips of branches/non-extinct

29
Q

Clades

A

Monophyletic (CA and all descendants)/ paraphyletic (CA and some descendants)/ polyphyletic (some descendants)

30
Q

Homologous traits

A

Similar because of shared CA

31
Q

Analogous traits

A

A result of convergent evolution (have similar structure or function but don’t share a CA)

32
Q

Dichotomy

A

2 way branch points- where common ancestor diverged into two new species

33
Q

Rooted tree

A

Represents MRCA of all taxa on tree

34
Q

Branch point

A

Divergence of 2 species from a common ancestor

35
Q

Node

A

Branch point

36
Q

Branch

A

Each line

37
Q

Sister taxa

A

Groups or organisms that share and immediate CA

38
Q

Basal taxa

A

Lineage that diverged early in history of group

39
Q

Polytomy

A

More than 2 groups emerge from one branch (Uncertainty=polytomy)

40
Q

Derived trait

A

Separates you from common ancestor

Bio II (28 decks)

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