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Bio II > Lecture 24- Respiration & Excretion > Flashcards

Lecture 24- Respiration & Excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

How do multicellular aquatic organisms oxygenate their blood?

A

Gills- countercurrent exchange (diffusion of oxygen from water to blood)

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2
Q

What function does the medulla oblongata contribute to respiration?

A

Instructs depth/rhythm of breathing

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3
Q

How does the insect respiratory system work?

A

Tracheal system- gas exchange directly with cells through network ducts

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4
Q

True or False: Most marine invertebrates are osmoregulators.

A

False; most marine invertebrates are osmoCONFORMERS

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5
Q

The diaphragm contracts during _____.

A

Inhalation

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6
Q

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the _____.

A

Nephron

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7
Q

The outer region of the kidney is known as the ____.

A

Renal cortex

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8
Q

True or False: Respiration is primarily controlled by the somatic nervous system.

A

False; repiration is primarilly controlled by the AUTONOMIC nervous system

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9
Q

Sequence the four basic processes of excretion.

A

Filtration → Reabsorption → Secretion → Excretion

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10
Q

What is the glomerulus and what is its function?

A

Region of clustered capillaries at the start of a nephron which aids in filtration

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11
Q

True or False: The reabsorption and secretion that occur in the kidneys are passive processes.

A

False; reabsorption and secretion are ACTIVE processes

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12
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs in lungs - surrounded by capillaries - site of gas exchange

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13
Q

The glomerulus is located within the _____.

A

Bowman’s capsule

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14
Q

What is the purpose of deamination?

A

Excretion of nitrogenous waste

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15
Q

Sequence the pathway of urine.

A

Kidneys → Ureters → Urinary bladder → Urination (urethra)

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16
Q

The diaphragm relaxes during _____.

A

Exhalation

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17
Q

What is ammonia converted to in mammalian deamination?

A

Urea

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18
Q

How is the medulla oblongata stimulated to change respiration patterns?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pH indicates carbon dioxide concentration + by signals from major blood vessels

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19
Q

The inner region of the kidney is known as the _____.

A

Renal medulla

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20
Q

Carbon dioxide is converted to _____ in water.

A

Carbonic acid

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20
Q

Filtration occurs at the glomerulus in the Bowman’s capsule through a process known as _____.

A

Countercurrent exchange

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21
Q

What is ammonia converted to in reptilian deamination?

A

Uric acid

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22
Q

True or False: Nephrons are located exclusively in the renal medulla.

A

False; nephrons span both the renal medulla and renal cortex

23
Q

Characteristics of Respiratory Structures

A

Adapted for gas exchange- via air or water
- Thin walls
- Large surface area
- Moist
- Many blood vessels

24
Q

What are the four main types of respiratory structures?

A
  1. Body surfaces
  2. Gills
  3. Tracheal system
  4. Lungs
25
Q

Respiratory Structure on Body surface

A

Simplest
Small, low metabolic rate
Must be moist- even if terrestrial
Inefficient- Many also have gills or lungs

26
Q

Gills

A

Most common respiration in multicellular aquatic animals
Specialized for gas exchange in water
Folded exchange surfaces

27
Q

Countercurrent Exchange

A

Blood and water flow in opposite directions
Blood always meets water with higher O2 content
Maximizes O2 diffusion into blood

28
Q

Tracheal Systems

A

In insects
Network ducts, branch throughout body
No circulatory system required for gas exchange

29
Q

Lungs

A

Specialized structures for respiration
Primarily in terrestrial vertebrates
Not in direct contact with other parts of body
-> Circulatory system required for gas exchange
Nasal cavity + pharynx

30
Q

Gas Exchange in Lungs- define lungs and alveoli

A

Lungs: Paired, spongy, elastic organs within thoracic cavity

Alveoli: Sites of gas exchange within lungs
- Tiny air sacs
- Single cell layer
- Surrounded by capillaries

31
Q

Breathing Mechanism

A

Breathing: Mechanical process of moving air in and out of lung
Inhalation: Air in
Exhalation: Air out
Achieved through negative pressure

32
Q

Inhalation- what does rib cage do, what does diaphragm do, volume, pressure, active or passive

A

Rib cage expands as rib muscles contract
Diaphragm moves down (contracts)
Volume increase, pressure down
-> Air in
Active process- muscles contract

33
Q

Exhalation- what does rib cage do, what does diaphragm do, volume, pressure, active or passive

A

Rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes (moves up)
Volume decreases, pressure up
-> Air out
Usually passive process

34
Q

What indicates CO2 levels in body?

A

pH of blood and cerebrospinal fluid indicates CO2
Higher metabolic rate -> higher CO2-> lower pH

35
Q

Breathing Control Mechanism

A

Normal blood pH-> Blood pH falls due to rising levels of CO2 in tissues (such as when exercising)-> Sensors in major blood vessels detect decrease in blood pH-> Medulla detects decrease in pH of cerebrospinal fluid-> Medulla receives signals from major blood vessels-> Signals from medulla to rib muscles and diaphragm increase rate and depth of ventilation-> Blood CO2 level falls and pH rises-> Normal blood pH

36
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Regulation of water and solute content in body

37
Q

What are the two strategies of osmoregulation?

A

Osmoregulators and osmoconformers

38
Q

Osmoconformers

A

Body fluids at equilibrium with surrounding sea water
-> isooosmotic
Only in marine animals

39
Q

Osmoregulators

A

Control internal osmolarity independent of external environment
Can live in inhospitable or variable environments

40
Q

Dehydration + desiccation

A

Dehydration- from lungs, skin, digestive system, urine
Adaptations to prevent desiccation
- Body covering
- Nocturnal behavior

41
Q

How do terrestrial vertebrates replace H2O?

A
  • Drinking water
  • Eating moist foods
  • Metabolic water

Minimize loss by concentrating urine
- Human urine 4x as concentrated as blood
- Desert mammals 20x

42
Q

What waste products do animals produce?

A

Water
CO2
Bilirubin
Nitrogenous waste
Lost via respiration or filtration from blood- excretion

43
Q

Nitrogenous Wastes

A

Proteins and nucleic acids broken down for E
Converted to fats, carbs

44
Q

Deamination

A

Process of removing NH2
-> NH3 (ammonia)- toxic

45
Q

Types of Nitrogenous Waste

A

Ammonia- most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes

Urea- Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes

Uric acid- Many reptiles (including birds), insects, land snails

46
Q

Filtration

A

Blood contacts transport epithelium: 1+ cell layers, specialized for moving solute in specific directions
Big molecules- cannot pass
Water, small molecules- can pass
Not highly selective

Facilitated by Glomerulus in Bowman’s capsule

47
Q

Reabsorption

A

Return of useful substances from filtrate-> body fluid
Done by loop of Henle

48
Q

Secretion

A

Active transport of substances from blood-> urine
Important for removal of toxins, excess ions, nonessential solutes
Done by loop of Henle

49
Q

Excretion

A

Release of filtrate as urine

50
Q

Kidney

A

Principle mammalian excretory organ
Paired bean-shaped structures
2 functions:
Regulate blood composition
Produce urine

51
Q

What are the two layers of the kidney?

A

Renal cortex (outer) and renal medulla (inner)

52
Q

What is the type of nephron we must know?

A

Cortical nephron

53
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

Closed end of nephron

54
Q

Glomerulus

A

Spherical capillary network in Bowman’s capsule
Exchange between Bowman’s capsule and Glomerulus- filtration

55
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Site of reabsorption and secretion

56
Q

Urine

A

Continuously produced by kidneys
-> Ureter
-> Urinary bladder (1.5 pints)
-> Exits via urethra

Bio II (28 decks)

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