Lecture 5+6 Flashcards
The cerebral cortex functions
function: sensory processing cognition + language motor function attention personality consciousness
gyri vs sulci?
gyri = ‘hills’
sulci = ‘valleys’
have these to pack more neurons in the cranium
central sulcus
separate’s the frontal and parietal lobes
Lateral or Sylvain fissure
separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe
parieto-occipital sulcus
separates the occipital lobe from the parietal and temporal lobes
gyri and sulci of the occipital lobe
lateral view:
lateral occipital gyri (superior and inferior occ. gyri)
medial view: calcarine sulcus (divides cuneus and lingual)
gyri and sulci of temporal lobe
lateral view:
superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyrus
superior (near Wernicke’s area)
superior and middle temporal sulcus
inferior view:
Parahipocampal Gyrus (Limbic Lobe)
collateral sulcus
where is the primary auditory cortex
Transverse temporal Gyrus of Heschl (Area 41)
where is Wernicke’s area
Planum temporale & posterior portion of the superior
temporal gyrus
function of insular lobe
autonomic function
gastric secretions
emotions
self-referential cognition
gyri and sulci of frontal lobe
superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus (contains Broca’s area)
precentral gyrus (motor cortex) central sulcus
Brodmann areas (BA)
Parcellates the cortex based on cytoarchitectonic (i.e. cell organization)
BA 3,2,1
somatosensory cortex or postcental gyrus
BA 4
primary motor cortex (precentral cortex)
BA 44,45
pars opercularis, pars triangularis = together represent Broca’s area (language production)
BA 22
Posterior portion overlaps with Wernicke’s area (language comprehension)
BA 17
primary visual cortex
gyri and sulci of parietal lobe
postcentral gyrus (somatosensory)
submarginal gyrus (spatial awareness)
angular gyrus (computing, spelling, attention)
Commissures of medial surface
anterior: interconnects olfactory bulbs and temporal poles
posterior: pupillary light reflex and eye movements
fornix
commissurized band of white matter that interconnects the hippocampus and the mammillary bodiesof the hypothalamus (memory)
communication between PNS and CNS
corticospinal (lateral): motor
dorsal column- medial lemniscus system: sensory
anterolateral system: sensory
adverse effects of increased ICP? norm ICP?
symptoms: nausea increased BP bradycardia papilledema (excess secretion of CSF)
normal = 5-15 mm hg
causes of increasing BBB permeability
hypertension
hyperosmolarity
infection
trauma/ ischemia/ inflammation
Noncommunicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus
obstruction of the right interventricular foramen
obstruction of cerebral aqueduct
Congenital Hydrocephalus
noncommunicating
obstruction of cerebral aqueduct
hydrocephalus (imaging)
brain tissue will atrophy; increase ventricle size
communicating hydrocephalus
impaired absorption of the CSF (arachnoid villi)
enlargement of all the ventricles
communicating hydrocephalus (imaging)
episodic increase in ICP
distorted brain tissue; all ventricles expanded
normally in the elderly
brain edema: vasogenic and cytotoxic
vasogenic: increased capillary permeability white matter with proteins compromised BBB brain tumor, abscess, trauma, hemorrhage
cytotoxic: cellular swelling gray and white matter normal BBB hypoxia, water intoxication, ischemia
Cingulate sulcus
separates the limbic lobe
corticospinal tract (lateral)
motor
comprised of upper motor neurons
voluntary control (synapse with lower motor neurons)
CNS to PNS
diagnostic abnormalities of the CSF
seen to have increased proteins in all abnormalities
viral infections usually have lower glucose
all abnormalities usually have more cells present
