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Neuro Part 1 > Lecture 23+24 +DLA 25 > Flashcards

Lecture 23+24 +DLA 25 Flashcards

1
Q

contents of the superior orbital fissure

A

CN III, IV, V(1), and the superior ophthalmic v.

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2
Q

contents of the inferior orbital fissure

A

V(2), zygomatic nerve, inferior ophthalmic v, infraorbital a. and v.

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3
Q

contents of the optic canal

A

CN II and ophthalmic a.

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4
Q

development of the eye

A

originally develop as a diverticulum of the forebrain neural tube

the diverticulum becomes an optic stalk and near surface ectoderm forms the optic cup

invagination of the optic cup will form the retinal fissure

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5
Q

development of the optic N. (II)

A

the optic nerve develops from the optic stalk

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6
Q

sclera and choroid development

A

both develop from mesenchyme tissue surrounding the optic cup

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7
Q

corneal development

A

corneal epithelium comes from skin ectoderm

fibrous stroma from the mesodermal capsule covering the optic cup

corneal endothelium from NCS

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8
Q

Iris and ciliary body development

A

Iris = rim of the optic cup

ciliary body = from the optic disk

hyaloid A becomes the central A of the retina

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9
Q

keyhole pupil

A

results due to the incomplete closure of the retinal fissure

defect can extend to the ciliary and retina

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10
Q

development of the retina

A

develops from two layers of the optic cup

pigment layer (outer) 
neural layer (inner)
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11
Q

development of the lens

A

develops from the lens vesicle (surface ectoderm)

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12
Q

cataracts

A

may be congenital due to teratogenic agents / infections

or occur later in life due to aging, trauma, radiation, etc

can be removed surgically

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13
Q

innervation of the eye muscles

A

superior oblique = trochlear n. (CN IV)
lateral rectus = abducens n. (CN VI)

all other extraocular muscles and LPS by oculomotor n. (CN III)

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14
Q

muscles that elevate eye

A

superior rectus

inferior oblique

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15
Q

muscles that depress or lower the eye

A

inferior rectus

superior oblique

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16
Q

Muscle testing - H test

LR, SR, IR, MR, IO, and SO

A 
lateral rectus = abduction (out) 
superior rectus = out and up 
inferior rectus = out and down 
medial rectus = in 
inferior oblique = in and then up 
superior oblique = in then down
17
Q

layer of the eye

A
  1. corneoscleral coat
    outer fibrous layer (cornea and sclera)
2. vascular coat (uvea) 
middle layer (iris, ciliary body, and choroid)
  1. retina
    inner layer
18
Q

about the corneoscleral coat

A

anterior surface of the eye
avascular

function: refraction of light

19
Q

layers of the cornea

A
  1. corneal epithelium
    strat squamous
    can regenerate
    lots of free nerve endings
2. bowman's membrane 
homogenous layer of epithelium 
collagen fibers are random
provides strength and acts as barrier to infection 
does NOT regenerate  
3. corneal stroma
corneal fibroblasts (keratocytes)
  1. Descemet’s membrane
    meshwork of collagen fibers and pores
    can regenerate
    thickens as we age
5. corneal endothelium 
metabolic exchange 
regulates water (lots of Na/K pumps) 
simple squamous 
limited regeneration
20
Q

histology of the sclera

A

thick fibrous layer (DCT)

flat collagen bundles with networks of elastic fibers

lamina cribosa: allow for entering and exiting of nerves/vessels.
the optic disk overlies this (blind spot)

21
Q

3 layers of the sclera?

A
  1. external episcleral layer
    loose CT
  2. middle layer substantia propria (tenon’s capsule)
    investing fascia of eye
    dense network of collagen fibers
    tendons attach here
  3. inner suprachoroidal lamina
    thinner collagen fibers and elastic fibers
22
Q

about the vascular coat (uvea)

A

features: CT, blood vessels, and pigmented cells

  1. iris
    anterior part
    forms a contractile diaphragm in front of lens
    pupil
  2. ciliary body
    between the iris and choroid
    ciliary processes and ciliary muscle
  3. choroid
    posterior portion
    lies between sclera and retina
23
Q

histology of choroid

A

pigmented, dark brown vascular layer

functions: blood supply and absorption of scattered light.

2 layers:

  1. choriocapillary layer
    inner vascular layer
    fenestrated capillaries
  2. Bruch’s membrane (lamina vitrea)
    forms the basal lamina of RPE cells
    has 5 layers
    hyaline membrane
24
Q

about the iris

A

arises from the anterior border of ciliary body
contractile diaphragm

discontinuous layer of fibroblasts and melanocytes
highly vascular Ct stroma

25
Q

histology of the ciliary muscle

A

ciliary muscle = smooth muscle (parasympathetic)

fibers spread in all directions

26
Q

histology of the ciliary processes

A

vascular
covered by double layer of columnar epithelium

zonular fibers = fibrillin

function:
produce and anchor zonular fibers that form the suspensory ligament of the lens
secretion of aqueous humor
part of the blood-aqueous barrier

27
Q

Corneoscleral limbus (junction)

A

transition zone between the cornea and sclera
Bowman’s capsule ends

generate and maintain corneal epithelium

28
Q

Glaucoma

A

increased intraocular pressure

symptoms: 
headache
eye pain
loss of vision 
vomiting
Halo around light

signs:
vision decreases peripherally
redness
raised pressure

29
Q

vitreous body

A

transparent jelly like substance
mainly collagen fibrils and GAGs (hyaluronan)

has spindle shaped cells = hyalocytes

maintains eye shape and keeps retina in place

change in vitreous humor and lead to retinal detachment

30
Q

histology of retina

A

2 layers

  1. neural retinal (inner layer of optic cup)
    non-photosensitive anterior to ora serrata
    photosensitive is posterior to ora serrata
  2. retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
    outer layer of optic cup
31
Q

where does retinal detachment most likely occur?

A

the junction of pigment epithelial layer and the rods & cones layer

32
Q

rods

A

cylindrical outer segment
visual pigment is rhodopsin (lack of this leads to night blindness; via no Vit A)
black and white vision
highest density outside of fovea centralis

33
Q

cones

A

thicker and shorter than the rods
conical outer segment
visual pigment is iodopsin

color vision
largest density in fovea centralis

34
Q

Retinal Pigment Epithelium

A

single layer of cuboidal cells

seen to have tight junctions (blood-retina barrier)
basal lamina attached to Bruch’s membrane

functions: 
absorption of light 
major component of blood-retina barrier 
active in visual pigment pathway 
vitamin A metabolism
phagocytosis
35
Q

histology of the lens

A

biconvex
avascular
held in place by the zonular fibers

3 parts:

  1. lens capsule
    thick basal lamina
    produced by anterior lens cells
  2. subcapsular epithelium:
    single layer of cuboidal cells
    proliferate in the germinal layer
  3. lens fibers
    thin and flattened
    loose organelles and accumulate proteins
    formed by epithelial cells in the germinal layer
36
Q

conjunctiva

A

stratified epithelium with goblet cells
lines outside of eyelid
secretes fluid into the eye

37
Q

glands of the eyelid

A
  1. Meibomian glands
    sebaceous within tarsal plate
    delays the drying of tears
  2. glands of Zeiss
    sebaceous glands associated with the eyelashes
  3. glands of moll
    sweat glands at the lid margins

Neuro Part 1 (18 decks)

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