lecture 5 Flashcards
Cyclic electron flow:
(like the electron transport chain but for photosynthesis)
where does calvin cycle takes place for both type of cells?
Calvin cycle takes place in the cytosol in the prokaryote cells
in Eukaryote cells it happensin the stroma of the chloroplast
How does the calvin cycle start?
The cycle starts with carbon dioxide
The energy in the reactions of the calvin cycle is being supplied by
The energy in the reactions of the cycle is being supplied by Atp becoming ADP and NADPH becoming NADP+. Needs ATP to run. Otherwise it can’t create NADP.
explain the calvin cycle
Carbon dioxide joins C5 which is RuBP and turns into C6.
ATP turns into ADP and NADPH turns into NADP. Then creating 2C3.
That’s how we get Glucose C6
How many times does the calvin cycle occur?
The calvin cycle occurs six times this requires 12 ATP and 12 ADP and 12 NADPH and 12 NADP+
In the calvin cycle 1 glucose produces?
FOR 1 GLUCOSE: 12 NADPH AND 18 ATP
Photosynthesis
It’s the use of light energy to synthesize carbohydrates (especially sugar) out of CO2 and water
- There are 2 stages of this process
1. Light reactions of photosynthesis (light dependent) 2. Calvin cycle (dark/light-independent reactions)
What is happening in photosynthesis?
linear and cyclical flow is happening in photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the exact reverse of
Photosynthesis is the exact reverse of cellular respiration
Example of prokaryote
Bacteria
How does cell division occur in the prokaryotic cell (bacteria) ?
We focus on the genetic material in the nucleoid – need to make sure
that the daughter cells have a complete set of genetic information
- At some point a chemical trigger occurs in the call that causes it to
divide
o Before it does this the cell needs to have 2 identical copies of its
DNA
- Each of the DNA copies will be
anchored to opposite sides of
the cell
- The cell then closes the cell wall
down the middle resulting in 2 clones of the original cell
o In theory they should be genetically identical to each other
- This is process is called binary fission
What other typ e of cell goes through cell divisions? role of cell division?
Eukaryotic cells go through cell divisions too. Cell divisions can happen for growth, for repair of damage, replacement of blood cells. Can play a lot of roles in eukaryotic division.
What is the cell cycle?
is a sequence of events where cells grow and divide. This is slower in eukaryotic cells than prokaryote cells.
What is mitotic phase?
Cell division happens during this phase.
What is the interphase?
its the time between the cell division
What is the first part of the interphase called?
The first part of they interphase is called Gap 1. The cell is growing.
What happens after G1?
as the cell is growing there is a trigger that causes it to change into the S period which stands for the synthesis of DNA. DNA replication happens in the S phase
What happens after S phase?
Then the G2 phase occurs which is gap 2. In G2 the cell is growing and making its final preparations for mitosis.
What happens after G2?
The Mitotic phase comes next and its the division of the nucleus. During mitosis the nucleus is going to divide.
What comes after mitotic phase?
After mitosis comes Cytokinesis which is the division of the cytoplasm.
What makes up the interphase?
G1, S AND G2 MAKES UP THE INTERPHASE
Mitotic phase is split into?
Mitotic phase is split into mitosis and is split prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase (PPMAT)
What is the chromatin?
- Chromatin
a. A material where most
of the genetic information of the cell is found
b. Made of several diffuse chromosomes
c. Each chromosome is 1
double stranded DNA molecule
d. Made up of DNA and protein
Example of a eukaryote
Animals
what does the interphase include?
The interphase includes the G1 , then we go into the S period, then G2 needs two centrosomes for mitosis.
What happens after the interphase?
The mitotic phase begins
What happens in the mitotic phase?
Chromosomes condense and the nucleolus disperses and the spindle begins to form around the centrosomes.
The spindle is a reorganized cytoskeleton.
What happens during the metaphase?
The metaphase has the chromosomes lining up at the middle of the cell. The metaphase plate is a disk aligning in the middle of the cell.
What happen after metaphase?
Anaphase: The two chromatids are pulled apart and are now individual chromosomes
o Identical copies of each chromosome being pulled to each side of the cell
o Cell also tends to elongate (oval shape) because the centrosomes are stretching the bers of the cell
o Each former chromatid is now a chromosome
What happens after anaphase?
Telophase
The chromosomes start to disperse
o The nucleoli forms
o The nuclear envelopes assemble
o The spindle is breaking up and returning to its role as the
cytoskeleton
o Cytokinesis usually underway at this point
o There will be the same amount of chromosomes as there were in
the original parent cell
What happens after telophase? and what happens during the phase following telophase?
Cytokinesis the plasma membrane pinches the cytoplasm in two.
The cleavage ferrowe is where the membrane is pinching in and it gets pulled in farther and farther and it pinches the membrane in two. The two cells are the clones of the original cell. Same chromosomes, same dna..
What happens during prophase?
Prophase
o Plant cells don’t have centrosomes, but they have
structures on the nuclear envelope that perform the same
function
o Chromosomes condensing o Nucleolus dispersing
o Spindles starts to developed
What is the metaphase plate?
the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the middle. The spindles continue to pull on the chromosomes until they split (the chromatids then become their own chromosomes). Then they are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. At the same time the cell is elongating like an ellipse.
What is the spindle?
Spindle is the Cytoskeleton rearranging.
What happens during the telophase?
In the Telophase the chromosomes disperse, the nucleoli form, the nuclear envelopes assemble, a new nucleus forms at each end.
The spindle breaks up and goes back to being a cytoskeleton.
What are the steps in mitosis?
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis ***
