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Bio 201 > lecture 5 > Flashcards

lecture 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cyclic electron flow:

A

(like the electron transport chain but for photosynthesis)

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2
Q

where does calvin cycle takes place for both type of cells?

A

Calvin cycle takes place in the cytosol in the prokaryote cells
in Eukaryote cells it happensin the stroma of the chloroplast

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3
Q

How does the calvin cycle start?

A

The cycle starts with carbon dioxide

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4
Q

The energy in the reactions of the calvin cycle is being supplied by

A

The energy in the reactions of the cycle is being supplied by Atp becoming ADP and NADPH becoming NADP+. Needs ATP to run. Otherwise it can’t create NADP.

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5
Q

explain the calvin cycle

A

Carbon dioxide joins C5 which is RuBP and turns into C6.
ATP turns into ADP and NADPH turns into NADP. Then creating 2C3.
That’s how we get Glucose C6

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6
Q

How many times does the calvin cycle occur?

A

The calvin cycle occurs six times this requires 12 ATP and 12 ADP and 12 NADPH and 12 NADP+

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7
Q

In the calvin cycle 1 glucose produces?

A

FOR 1 GLUCOSE: 12 NADPH AND 18 ATP

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8
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Light energy feeding into the ligh reactions and that energy is absorbed, NADPH

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9
Q

What is happening in photosynthesis?

A

linear and cyclical flow is happening in photosynthesis

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10
Q

Photosynthesis is the exact reverse of

A

Photosynthesis is the exact reverse of cellular respiration

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11
Q

Example of prokaryote

A

Bacteria

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12
Q

Cell division and the nucleoid

A

the genetic material found in the nucleoid, the dna in they nucleoid needs to be copied one for each of the daughters cells. the dna are being pulled to each side of the wall if the cell. Cell division is called binary fission. We start with one cell and end with two clones of that cell. Bacteria can go through binary fission after every 30 min.

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13
Q

What other typ e of cell goes through cell divisions? role of cell division?

A

Eukaryotic cells go through cell divisions too. Cell divisions can happen for growth, for repair of damage, replacement of blood cells. Can play a lot of roles in eukaryotic division.

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14
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

is a sequence of events where cells grow and divide. This is slower in eukaryotic cells than prokaryote cells.

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15
Q

What is mitotic phase?

A

Cell division happens during this phase.

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16
Q

What is the interphase?

A

its the time between the cell division

17
Q

What is the first part of the interphase called?

A

The first part of they interphase is called Gap 1. The cell is growing.

18
Q

What happens after G1?

A

as the cell is growing there is a trigger that causes it to change into the S period which stands for the synthesis of DNA. DNA replication happens in the S phase

19
Q

What happens after S phase?

A

Then the G2 phase occurs which is gap 2. In G2 the cell is growing and making its final preparations for mitosis.

20
Q

What happens after G2?

A

The Mitotic phase comes next and its the division of the nucleus. During mitosis the nucleus is going to divide.

21
Q

What comes after mitotic phase?

A

After mitosis comes Cytokinesis which is the division of the cytoplasm.

22
Q

What makes up the interphase?

A

G1, S AND G2 MAKES UP THE INTERPHASE

23
Q

Mitotic phase is split into?

A

Mitotic phase is split into mitosis and is split prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase (PPMAT)

24
Q

What is the chromatin?

A

the chromosomes can be seen. Theres DNA and protein present. The DNA wraps around one of the proteins. The two copies of DNA are held together and compacted into two versions of themselves and the middle part is called the centromere. Each chromatid contains one copy of the DNA. During the process of mitosis the chromatids gets pulled apart and we call them chromosomes. Chromatids are when two copies are together. Chromosomes double stranded dna molecule

25
Q

Example of a eukaryote

A

Animals

26
Q

what does the interphase include?

A

The interphase includes the G1 , then we go into the S period, then G2 needs two centrosomes for mitosis.

27
Q

What happens after the interphase?

A

The mitotic phase begins

28
Q

What happens in the mitotic phase?

A

Chromosomes condense and the nucleolus disperses and the spindle begins to form around the centrosomes.
The spindle is a reorganized cytoskeleton.

29
Q

What happens during the metaphase?

A

The metaphase has the chromosomes lining up at the middle of the cell. The metaphase plate is a disk aligning in the middle of the cell.

30
Q

What happen after metaphase?

A

Then comes anaphase that Chromosones are split and pulled into the opposite ends of the cells. At the same time the cells begins to elongate and taht stretches the cell out. The chromatids have now become chromosomes. There are 4 chromosomes being pulled to the right and to the left. Each of the chromosomes are copies of the others.

The cytoskeleton being destructed and rebuilt it is a spindle.

31
Q

What happens after anaphase?

A

Then comes the telophase. The chromosomes start to disperse and start to form a big mass of chromatin and the nucleoli forms on each sides, the nuclear envelops assembles. A new nucleous forms on each end. The spindle breaks up. Before Telophase is done the more visible signs of cytokinesis begins. Each of the new nuclei ends up with the same number of chromosomes that we had started with.

32
Q

What happens after telophase? and what happens during the phase following telophase?

A

Cytokinesis the plasma membrane pinches the cytoplasm in two.
The cleavage ferrowe is where the membrane is pinching in and it gets pulled in farther and farther and it pinches the membrane in two. The two cells are the clones of the original cell. Same chromosomes, same dna..

33
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense, nucleolus disperses and the spindle begins to form around the centrosomes.

The components of the cytoskeleton are being rebuilt by the two centrosomes.
At this point all the chromosomes have two chromatids.
Then the centrosomes migrate to either side of the nucleus.
The spindle attaches to the chromosomes at the centromeres.

34
Q

What is the metaphase plate?

A

the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the middle. The spindles continue to pull on the chromosomes until they split (the chromatids then become their own chromosomes). Then they are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. At the same time the cell is elongating like an ellipse.

35
Q

What is the spindle?

A

Spindle is the Cytoskeleton rearranging.

36
Q

What happens during the telophase?

A

In the Telophase the chromosomes disperse, the nucleoli form, the nuclear envelopes assemble, a new nucleus forms at each end.
The spindle breaks up and goes back to being a cytoskeleton.

37
Q

What are the steps in mitosis?

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis ***

Bio 201 (8 decks)

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