lecture 13

Question 1

hypothetical examples of natural selection

Answer 1

Hypothetical examples of natural selection: mouse who is diploid and has fur length locus, they live just over one year and each pair of mice prepares some offspring. Half of the alleles are S and half are L alleles.

Question 2

Evolution:

Answer 2

Evolution: may be defined as a change in allele add from lab manual

Question 3

Natural selection does not result in what?

Answer 3

Natural selection does not result in evolution does not result in evolution if the characteristic is not inherited

Question 4

Modes of selection

Answer 4

Directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection

Question 5

Directional selection

Answer 5

Directional selection is natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully more than other individuals.

Question 6

Stabilizing (balancing) selection

Answer 6

Stabilizing (balancing) selection: Naturals selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes.

Question 7

Disruptive selection

Answer 7

Disruptive selection: Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do individuals with intermediate phenotypes.

Question 8

What is natural selection the result of?

Answer 8

Natural selection is the result of different rates of reproduction.

Question 9

Natural selection acts as?

Answer 9

Natural selection often acts through survival because the individual generally must survive to reproduce and can also act through access to mates.

Question 10

Sexual selection

Answer 10

is natural selection that acts through access to mates. This is a subtype of natural selection.

Question 11

What term did Darwin coin?

Answer 11

Darwin coined the term sexual selection. Peacock example. But the attractive peacocks are easier to kill. Increases mortality and increases ability to mate.

Question 12

What drives the evolution of adaptations?

Answer 12

Natural selection (including sexual selection) is the only mechanism that we know about that drives the evolution of adaptations.

Question 13

Adaptations:

Answer 13

Adaptations: Inherited characteristics of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

Question 14

What can evolution be driven by?

Answer 14

Evolution can also be driven by genetic drift.

Question 15

genetic drift

Answer 15

Genetic drift: Changes in allele frequency due to chance.

Question 16

What type of process is evolution by natural selection?

Answer 16

Evolution by natural selection is an opportunistic process.
It is not a perfecting process

Question 17

Speciation

Answer 17

Speciation: The evolution of reproductive isolation within an ancestral species, resulting in two or more descendant species. Is often gradual. After many generations, perhaps interbreeding is still possible but sometimes fails. After some more generations, interbreeding may be impossible.

Question 18

Geographic isolation

Question 19

Independent evolution:

Answer 19

Each group is evolving on its own, those traits become more and more different with each generation.

Question 20

Gradual reproductive isolation:

Answer 20

ADD DEFINITION Example of the river separating two populations. Two populations evolving independently.

Question 21

Species

Answer 21

Species: Biological species concept. A species is a group of organisms that can potentially interbreed successfully. This definition applies to organisms that reproduce sexually.

Question 22

RNA world hypothesis

Answer 22

There were nucleotides and RNA forms. RNA can act as an enzyme. Some enzymes caused the replication of RNA. Once its copying itself, variation will happen and selection will favour the best RNA. SELF COPYING RNA WAS THE FIRST STEP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIVING UNIT.

Question 23

Major domains of life

Answer 23

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya are the three major domains of life

Question 24

Organisms can be characterized by

Answer 24

Organisms may be characterized by their nutrition.

Question 25

Autotrophs

Answer 25

Auto: self trophs: feeder. They get their carbon by carbon dioxide and it uses that to build its own organic molecules.

Question 26

Heterotrophs

Answer 26

Other feeders. Obtains organic carbons from organic molecules. Humans are heterotrophs. Heterotrophs get their carbon by consuming food.

Question 27

Phototrophs

Answer 27

Light eaters. Obtain energy from light. This is chemical energy. Energy that can be used for metabolic reactions. For example, plants.

Question 28

Photoautotrophs

Answer 28

Obtain carbon from carbon dioxide and energy from light.

Question 29

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 29

Obtain carbon from carbon dioxide and energy from chemicals.

Question 30

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 30

Obtain carbon from carbon dioxide and energy from chemicals.

Question 31

Photoheterotreophs

Answer 31

Obtain carbon from organic molecules and energy from light.

Question 32

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 32

Chemoheterotrophs: Obtain carbon from organic molecules and energy from chemicals

Question 33

Chemotrophs

Answer 33

Chemical eater. Obtain energy from chemicals.

Question 34

Organisms can be characterized by type of

Answer 34

Organisms can be characterized by type of reproduction: Sexual and asexual

Question 35

Sexual:

Answer 35

Haploid cells (gametes) fuse to form a zygote.

Question 36

Asexual:

Answer 36

There is no fusion of haploid cells (gametes).