lecture 12

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

Grand unifying theory in biology
In biology we refer to evolution as an inheritable change from onr generation to the next in the characteristics of individuals in a population.

Question 2

evolution =

Answer 2

change

Question 3

Example of evolution

Answer 3

Examples: finding an egg in a pond, the egg loses it tail and becomes a frog and then lays an egg. Then it starts again that’s just a change.

Question 4

What do living things have in common?

Answer 4

Living things share ancestors

Question 5

Who do humans share ancestors with?

Answer 5

Humans share ancestors with primates.

Question 6

What is natural selection?

Answer 6

A functional association between individual traits and average reproductive success. Natural selection is about what makes you good at reproducing.

Question 7

Example of natural selection

Answer 7

Mice have fur that help them survive and reproduce.

Question 8

What are the three basic observations of Darwin?

Answer 8

Organism differ from each other they are variable.

Some of the differences among organisms are inherited. Some traits were inherited and some were not.

More organisms are produced than survive to reproduce in their turn.

Question 9

Relationship between natural selection and evolution

Answer 9

natural selection is when organisms with certain characteristics tend to produce more offspring than other organisms in the same population. Natural selection is not evolution but it can cause evolution. If natural selection acts on a characteristic that is inherited, then evolution may result.

Question 10

What is the evidence for evolution?

Answer 10

The Fossil record: Fossils are mineralized remains of organisms. Evolution does not predict that there will be fossilization. Evolution predicts a pattern: any fossils found will be consistent with the descent with modification from common ancestors.

Question 11

When did the earth form?

Answer 11

Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago.

Question 12

When did the oceans form?

Answer 12

Oceans formed 4 billion years ago.

Question 13

When did fossilprokaryotes form?

Answer 13

Fossil prokaryotes formed 3.5 billion years ago.

Question 14

When did oxygen in the air started?

Answer 14

Oxygen in air started 2.5 billion years ago.

Question 15

When did fossil eukaryotes started?

Answer 15

Fossil eukaryotes started around 2 billion years ago.

Question 16

When did fossil muticellular start?

Answer 16

Fossil multicellular started 1.5 billion years ago.

Question 17

When did fossil animals start?

Answer 17

700-800 million years ago

Question 18

When did fossil mammals start?

Answer 18

about 225 million years ago

Question 19

Fossil therapsids

Answer 19

more than 290 million years ago

Question 20

Fossil reptiles

Answer 20

300 million years ago

Question 21

fossil amphibians

Answer 21

around 368 million years ago

Question 22

fossil jawed fish

Answer 22

more than 400 million years ago

Question 23

Fossil jawless fish

Answer 23

more than 500 million years ago

Question 24

fossil homids

Answer 24

around 6 million years ago

Question 25

fossil apes

Answer 25

more than 30 million years ago

Question 26

fossil primates

Answer 26

around 50 million years ago

Question 27

fossil homo

Answer 27

around 3 million years ago

Question 28

fossil hominids

Answer 28

around 6 million years ago

Question 29

fossil homo sapiens

Answer 29

around 300 000 years ago

Question 30

fossil homo

Answer 30

between 2.5 million and 3 million years ago

Question 31

pyramid of khufu

Answer 31

0.005 million years ago

Question 32

Whale example of a fossil transition

Answer 32

whales don’t have fins but the ancestors of whales had 4 legs. The ancestor whales after them has pelvic fins and the modern whales don’t have it.

Question 33

Biochemistry

Answer 33

Pseudogenes.

Universality of DNA AS THE genetic material. Universality of codons. We have all evolved from the same ancestors. Pattern of genetic similarity…

Question 34

Where do similarities come from?

Answer 34

Similarities have to do with sharing ancestors not on how similar we look.

Question 35

example of pseudogenes

Answer 35

We have a broken gene that should make vitamin c but its broken and that mutation stops us from making vitamin c. The same thing happens for chimpanzees.

Question 36

Comparative anatomy

Answer 36

Comparing the anatomy of different organisms.

Homologous structures demonstrate common descent.

For example the front limbs of a variety of animals.
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

Question 37

Vestigial structures

Answer 37

demonstrate descent with modification.
A feature of an organism that is a historic remnant of a structure that served a function in the organisms ancestors.

Question 38

Superfluous embryonic structures

Answer 38

Demonstrates descent with modification for example de anus tail from the chick and the embryo. Agrees with fossil record and biochemical evidence.

Question 39

When did primates show up?

Answer 39

Primates showed up 65 million years ago and we evolved into humans.

Question 40

Ardipithecus
ramidus

Answer 40

timeline 4.5 million years ago to 3 million years ago

Africa

Probably bipedal tree dweller

chimp size brain about 325 ml

no evidence of tool use

Question 41

Australopithecus afarensis

Answer 41

3 million years ago

Africa

Bipedal, terrestrial and tree dweller

chimp size brain (about 425 ml)

no evidence of tool use

Question 42

Homo erectus

Answer 42

1 million years ago

Africa, Eurasia

Bipedal and terrestrial

about 1000ml

simple tools and probably fire