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Immunology & Microbiology > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

Gram +V and Gran -V Bacilli

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gram +ve Spore forming rods consist of…

A

Clostridium and Bacillus

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2
Q

What causes disease in spore forming rods

A

release of exotoxins

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3
Q

What is the causitvate agent of anthrax

A

Bacilius anthracis

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4
Q

What is UNIQUE about Bacilius anthracis

A

Its protein capsules that are antiphagocytic

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5
Q

Tell me about Bacilius anthracis spores

A

Very stable spores, resistant to heat, UV,drying, disenfectants

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6
Q

How are human usually exposed to Bacillus anthracis spores

A

through contact with animals or soil

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7
Q

What bacteria is used for bio-terrorism and warfare

A

Bacillus anthracis

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8
Q

What are the 3 exotoxins found in Bacillus anthracis

A

1) lethal factor
2)protective antigen
3)Edema factor

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9
Q

What does Bacillus anthracis PXO1 plasmid encode?

A

Bacillus anthracis exotoxins

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10
Q

What does Bacillus anthracis PXO2 plasmid encode?

A

capsule genes

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11
Q

What is the treatment for Bacillus anthracis?

A

Antibiotics: penicillin, doxycylin
Vaccine: available against Protective antigen protein

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12
Q

What does Bacillus cereus do?

A

➢Causes food poisoning when spores enter food product

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13
Q

What types of enterotoxins are found in Bacillus cereus

A

i)Heat labile: nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea. Lasts 12-24hrs
(ii) Heat stable: SEVERE nausea and vomiting, short incubation

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14
Q

How is Bacillus cereus treated?

A

antibiotic treatment usless…resistant to penicillin

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15
Q

What is difference between clostridium and Bacillus

A

-Clostridium is anaerobic
-bacillis is aerobic

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16
Q

What does Clostridium botulinum do?

A

Neurotoxin blocks Ach release in autonomic system; flaccid
muscle paralysis:

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17
Q

What is the treatment for clostridium botulinum?

A

antitoxin and respiratory assistance

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18
Q

Clostridium tetani caused by?

A

Rusty nail contaminated with spores punctures
skin; wound provides anaerobic environment

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19
Q

What is the exotoxin of Clostridium tetani

A

tetanospasmin

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20
Q

What does tetnus cause the body to react?

A

-sustained contraction fo skeletal muscles and severe muscle spasms

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21
Q

Clostridium perfringens is also known as what and seen where?

A

Gas gangrene (seen in soldies wounded in battel)

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22
Q

What are the 2 classes of infection found in Clostridium perfringens

A

1) wounded infection: necrotic skin with “crackly” poclets
2)Clostridial myonecrosis: exotoxin secretion dystoryos muscle thus black fluid excreeted from skin

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23
Q

How is Clostridium perfringens treated?

A

treated with oxygen, antibiotics (penicillin) or amputation.

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24
Q

what does Clostridium difficile cause?

A

antibiotic-associated
pseudomembranous colitis

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25
Q

What is seen more commonly in hospitals than tetanus,
anthrax or botulism

A

Clostridium difficile

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26
Q

How is Clostridium difficile caused?

A

Overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics destroys
normal intestinal flora

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27
Q

What does Clostridium difficile infect and release?

A

infects colon and releases exotoxins
➢Toxin A: diarrhea
➢Toxin B: cytotoxic to colon cells

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28
Q

What is treatment for Clostridium difficile

A

➢discontinue antibiotic treatment
➢Administer metronidazole or vancomycin

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29
Q

Clostridium difficile is treated by administration of metronidazole or vancomycin…What is different about these antibiotics ??

A

specifically target the bacteria responsible for the infection without affecting the entire gut microbiota as broadly as other antibiotics might

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30
Q

Gram +ve non spore forming rods include?

A

1) listeria monocytogenes
2)corynebacterium diptheriae

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31
Q

Where is Listeria monocytogenes found?

A

soft cheeses, unpasteurized milk, cold
cuts

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32
Q

What is the problem with Listeria monocytogenes that makes it hard to get rid of

A

its PSYCHROPHILE…survives in refrigerator.

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33
Q

What type of bacteria is Listeria monocytogenes

A

➢ Facultative intracellular aerobe (prefer oxygen rich environment)

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34
Q

What does borderes does Listeria monocytogenes cross

A

blood brain, GI, feto-placental

35
Q

What does Corynebacterium diptheriae colonize?

A

Colonization of pharynx and release of exotoxins into
bloodstream

36
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae exotoxins damages what?

A

heart and neural cells

37
Q

What is treatment of Corynebacterium diptheriae

A

Treatment (3 steps):
(i) Antitoxin
(ii) Penicillin or erythromycin
(iii) DPT vaccine

38
Q

What are the 4 types of gram -ve Bacilli (entrics)

A

1)Enterobacteriaceae
2)Vibrionaceae
3)Pseudomonadaceae
4)Bacterioidaceae

39
Q

Organisms are divided into groups based on??

A

biochemical
and antigenic properties

40
Q

What is biochemical
classification?

A

Ability to ferment lactose

41
Q

What is EMB media?

A

Lactose fermenters are dark purple/black
* Inhibits Gram positive bacteria

42
Q

What is MacConkey Media:

A
  • Lactose fermenters are pink-purple
  • Inhibits Gram positive bacteria
43
Q

list 4 other types of Biochemical
Classifications

A

1)H2S production
2)Hydrolysis of urea
3)Liquefy gelatin
4)Decarboxylation of amino acids

44
Q

Classification Using Surface
Antigens consists of?

A

Variable O antigen, K-antigen, H-antigen.

45
Q

What is variable O antigen?

A

outermost layer of LPS
common between enterics

46
Q

What is K-antigen?

A

covers the O-antigen

47
Q

What does H-antigen do?

A

flagellar sub-unit
* Only in motile bacteria

48
Q

list the 3 scenarios of disease cause by enterics?

A

1) Diarrhea-with/without systemic invasion
2) Diarrhea with intestinal cell invasion
3) Diarrhea with invasion of lymph nodes and bloodstream

49
Q

1) Diarrhea-with/without systemic invasion

A

Bacteria bind intestinal cells but do not enter
* EXOTOXIN release causes diarrhoea; ENTEROTOXIN causes fluid/electrolyte loss
* Watery diarrhoea, NO FEVER
* Vibrio cholera

50
Q

2) Diarrhea with intestinal cell invasion

A

Bacterial virulence factors allow binding and invasion of cells
* Toxin release destroys cells bloody stools
* Fever response
* Shigella,

51
Q

3) Diarrhea with invasion of lymph nodes and bloodstream

A

Abdominal pain with diarrhoea containing white and red cells
* Fever, headache, increased white cell counts
* Salmonella Typhi, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejeuni

52
Q

Salmonellae is member of what family?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

53
Q

what are the 2 types of salmonella

A

S. enterica and S. bongori

54
Q

What are two types of s.enterica?

A

Enterocolitis (tummy problems) and Typhoid (enteric) fever

55
Q

Complete… thier are 2 types of entercolitis S. enterica serovar

A

1) S. enterica serovar Enteritidis
2)S. enterica serovar Typhimurium

56
Q

Complete… thier are 2 types of Typhoid S. enterica serovar

A

1) S. enterica serovar Typhi
2) S. enterica serovar Paratyphi

57
Q

How can someone get S. enterica serovar Enteritidis aka entercolitis?

A

Ingestion of contaminated food
* Poultry, eggs, meat and milk

58
Q

*enteric fever is?

A

generalized infection…bacterial
multiplication in lymphoid tissue…Necrosis of intestinal lymphoid tissue ulceration,
haemorrhage, perforation

59
Q

if enteric fever is untreated what is the mortality?

A

10%

60
Q

what term is used to refer to individuals who have recovered from an infectious disease but continue to harbor the causative microorganism within their bodies, have no symtpoms and have transmit it

A

Convalescent carriers:

61
Q

How long is enteric fevers Convalescent carriers

A

3 months

62
Q

chronic carriers of enteric fever?

A

are only 1-2% excrete bacteria for at least 6 months, sometimes life long.

63
Q

What is the diagnosis for enteric fever during 1st and 2/3rd week

A

1st week: isolation of bacteria from blood
2-3rd week: stool and urine

64
Q

Is thier treatment for enteric fever?

A

Vaccine available, but only effective against small bacterial
load

65
Q

What is Most numerous aerobic bacteria of normal gut flora

A

Escherichia coli

66
Q

What notable symptoms does shigellae cause?

A

Cause acute diarrhoea with mucus, pus and blood

67
Q

Difference between shigellae sonnei and shigellae dysenteriae

A

Shigella sonnei Europe and North America
S. dysenteriae: tropics and severe

68
Q

treatment for shigallae?

A

NO VACCINE

69
Q

Campylobacter types?

A

C. jejuni and C. coli

70
Q

Name the bacteria that can cause bloody diarrhea?

A

Shigallae and Campylobacter

71
Q

Where are Pseudomonas found

A

mainly in moist habitats and water

72
Q

what is treatment for Pseudomonas

A

Difficult to treat becuase ALL are ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT

73
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Respiratory pathogen in cystic fibrosis
patients AND * Infections in lesions of burn patients

74
Q

What is Common contaminant of saline solutions and
water

A

Pseudomonas cepacia

75
Q

What is Haemophilus influenzae bacteria normally apart of in the human body

A

nasopharyngeal flora i

76
Q

What does nasopharyngeal flora cause

A

Meningitis, pneumonia, joint infections

77
Q

What is linked to infant formula?

A

Cronobacter sakazakii

78
Q

What is special about Helicobacter pylori

A

Microaerophillic and spiral bacilli

79
Q

What does Helicobacter pylori cause

A

stomach ulcers

80
Q

What does Urease do

A

gives protection form low pH

81
Q

What is the treatment for Helicobacter pylori

A

triple therapy treatmnet: antibiotics and H+ pump inhibitors

82
Q

What bacteria causes a CRAZY cough

A

Bordetella pertussis

83
Q

What is prevention for Bordetella pertussis

A

vaccination with heat-killed organism

Immunology & Microbiology (9 decks)

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