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BMS 300 Unit 4 > Lecture 48- Digestive System Part 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 48- Digestive System Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

Releases secretions and hormones to aid in further digestion of chyme

Shortest

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2
Q

What is the function of the jejunum?

A

Major site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

Longest

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3
Q

What is the function of the ileum?

A

Absorbs bile acids, fluid, and vitamin B12

Immune function with Peyer’s patches when bacteria enters into ileum

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4
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum

Don’t Jump In

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5
Q

What do villi and microvilli do?

A

Increase surface area

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6
Q

What are epithelial cells in the small intestine like?

A

Very sensitive with high turnover rate and contains digestive enzymes

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7
Q

What is celiac disease?

A

An immune reaction to eating gluten which creates inflammation that damages small intestine lining

Gluten free diet

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8
Q

What are 5 symptoms of celiac disease?

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Constipation
  3. Bloating and floating stool
  4. Lactose intolerance
  5. Fatigue
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9
Q

What is non-celiac gluten sensitivity?

A

Test negative for celiac disease but experience similar symptoms to those who have it

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10
Q

What are the 2 potential culprits of non-celiac disease?

A
  1. Fructans
  2. Amylase-trypsin inhibitors
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11
Q

What is lactose intolerance?

A

Body’s inability to fully digest lactose, This occurs due to a deficiency of lactase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down lactose into simpler sugars that can be absorbed by the body

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12
Q

What is the mesentery and what is its role?

A

A fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place/makes sure small intestine does not tie up

Highly vascularized/RBCs
Depot for fat

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13
Q

What is the major function of the large intestine (colon)?

A

Absorption: water, vitamins, electrolytes from chyme

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14
Q

What is the role of colonic bacteria?

A

-Produces vitamins
-Aids in digesting breast milk, fiber, the immune system, and brain health

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15
Q

What happens in constipation? What causes it?

A

Having fewer than three bowel movements a week

Lack of fiber, exercise, meds, IBS

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16
Q

True or false:

Drinking lots of water can treat constipation

A

FALSE

Excreted as urine, doesn’t keep water in system- that is what fiber does

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17
Q

What happens in diarrhea? What causes it?

A

Loose and watery stools

Bacterial infections, loss of water

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18
Q

What happens in diverticulosis? What causes it?

A

Pockets develop in the colon due to the weakness of muscle layers in the colon wall

Aging, low fiber diet, obesity, physical inactivity

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19
Q

What happens in hemorrhoids? What causes it?

A

Piles-swollen veins in the anus and lower rectum

Pressure on the veins from colon, lack of dietary fiber, sitting too long, obesity, pregnancy

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20
Q

What are the amylase enzymes for salivary, gastric, and pancreatic?

A

Sucrase
Maltase
Lactase

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21
Q

What are the three disaccharides that amylases convert starch into?

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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22
Q

What type of vein does glucose enter the liver from?

A

Portal vein

23
Q

What are the three main things the liver can do with glucose?

A
  1. Store it
  2. Use it
  3. Send it
24
Q

What three areas can the pancreas secrete insulin on?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Muscle
  3. Adipose
25
Q

What does the sensitivity and number of muscle insulin receptors depend on?

A

Movement

26
Q

What does the sensitivity of insulin and sympathetic receptors depend on in adipose?

A

Adipose tissue

27
Q

What type of synthesis is stimulated in muscle from insulin compared to adipose?

A

Muscle- glycogen and fat from glucose/proteins from amino acids

Adipose- ONLY fat from glucose

28
Q

True or false:

Transport of glucose into the liver requires insluin

A

FALSE

Utilizes a concentration gradient/it not insulin-dependent

29
Q

What two things does insulin stimulate the synthesis of in the liver?

What does it inhibit?

A

Stimulate glycogen and fat

Inhibits synthesis of glucose

30
Q

Explain how glucagon raises blood sugar levels in response to low blood glucose

A
  1. Alpha cells
  2. Glucagon
  3. Break down to glycogen
  4. Glucose released to blood stream
31
Q

Explain how the pituitary gland/medulla raises blood sugar levels in response to low blood glucose

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Medulla
  3. Release epinephrine
  4. Gluconeogenesis from amino acids
  5. Glucose released to blood stream
32
Q

Explain how the pituitary gland/cortex raises blood sugar levels in response to low blood glucose

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Cortex
  3. Adrenal cortical tropic hormone
  4. Glucocorticoids
  5. Breakdown of muscle into amino acids
  6. Gluconeogenesis from amino acids
  7. Glucose released to blood stream
33
Q

Explain how the hypothalamus raises blood sugar levels in response to low blood glucose

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Activates hormone-sensitive lipase
  3. Fatty acids sent to muscles to make ATP
  4. Breakdown of muscle into amino acids
  5. Gluconeogenesis from amino acids
  6. Glucose released to blood stream
34
Q

What are the two types of hypoglycemia?

A
  1. Fasting
  2. Reactive
35
Q

What happens in fasting hypoglycemia?

This happens because the cells are…

A

When you stop eating and glycogen is not broken down into glucose

Hypoactive alpha cells

36
Q

What happens in reactive hypoglycemia?

This happens because the cells are…

A

After a meal, insulin levels peak

Hypersensitive beta cells

37
Q

What is the issue with Type 1 diabetes?

A

Not enough insulin production

38
Q

What is the issue with Type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin unable to bind to insulin receptors

39
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Occurs in late diabetes

Caused by placental hormones that block insulin receptors

Increases baby’s risk for diabetes

40
Q

What is glycation?

A

Reaction of sugar and proteins

41
Q

An accumulation of what product accelerates plaque build up in arteries?

What response occurs?

A

Advanced Glycation End Product

AGE products bind to collagen in muscles, CT, and arteries which stimulates an inflammatory response

42
Q

How does diabetes and the accumulation of AGE affect the eye?

A

Causes cataracts

Glaucoma- glucose is converted to sorbitol and fructose which can’t leave the eye=pressure build up

43
Q

How does diabetes affect the peripheral nerves?

A

Fructose and sorbitol accumulate in the nerves which produces osmotic pressure on the cell and draws water in which alters membrane potential

44
Q

How does diabetes affect impaired immunity?

A

High glucose levels limit and deregulate neutrophil synthesis (type of WBC essential in immune system)

High blood sugar levels allow bacteria to grow/help infections develop quicker

45
Q

How does diabetes affect the kidneys?

A

-Damages vasculature in kidneys
-Interferes with re-absorption processes/kidneys can’t clean blood properly–>proteins lost in urine

46
Q

When the kidney is unable to absorb glucose, what chain of events happen?

A
  1. Glucose in the urine increases
  2. Osmotic pressure (water entering) increases
  3. Increased thirst
  4. Increased urination
  5. Dehydration
47
Q

What happens with sorbitol+fructose production in the eye?

A
  1. Increased pressure on retina
  2. Blurred vision
48
Q

What 2 things happen when there is poor glucose uptake in cells?

A
  1. Acidosis–>coma–>death
  2. Weight loss (Type 1)–>weakness
49
Q

What are three ways to minimize a spike in blood sugar?

A
  1. Small/frequent meals
  2. Low glycemic index foods
  3. High soluble fiber
50
Q

What is an important lifestyle modification to treat Type 2 diabetes?

A

Weight loss/physical activity

51
Q

What is the role of exogenous insulin in Type 1 diabetes?

A

Insuline pumps/injections

52
Q

What is the role of metformin in Type 2 diabetes?

A

Reduce glucose production in the liver

53
Q

What is the role of sulfonylurea in Type 2 diabetes?

A

Sensitizes beta cells so that they produce more insulin

BMS 300 Unit 4 (13 decks)

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