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BMS 300 Unit 4 > Lecture 41- Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 41- Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the upper respiratory system include?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx

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2
Q

What does the lower respiratory system include?

A

Larynx (voice-box), trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

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3
Q

What is the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A

From the nasal cavity to the larger bronchioles

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4
Q

What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

A

The smallest respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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5
Q

What does the respiratory portion include/what is the function?

A

Alveoli-air-filled pocked within the lungs where gas exchange takes place

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6
Q

What lines the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory mucosa

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7
Q

What two factors make up the respiratory mucosa?

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Lamina Propia
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8
Q

What is the underlying layer of areolar tissue that supports the respiratory epithelium called?

A

Lamina propia

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9
Q

What type of movement propels mucus across the epithelial surface?

A

Ciliary movement

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10
Q

Where are ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelial cells located?

A

Respiratory mucosa

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11
Q

What is the muscociliary escalator effect in regards to cystic fibrosis?

A

Congenital defect that affects mucus-producing cells. This leads to thick sticky mucus, which blocks respiratory passageways and leads to frequent infections

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12
Q

What ion needs to move through a CFTR channel in order to avoid viscous mucus from building up?

A

Chloride ions

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13
Q

What type of cells mostly line the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, superior portion of the pharynx, and super portion of the lower respiratory system)?

A

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium/mucous cells

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14
Q

What type of cells line the inferior/lower portions of the pharynx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

What type of cells line the smaller bronchioles?

A

Cuboidal epithelium with less cilia

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16
Q

What type of cells line the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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17
Q

Place in order the four types of cells that line the respiratory tract from superior to inferior

A
  1. Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
  2. Stratified squamous
  3. Cuboidal
  4. Simple squamous
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18
Q

What is the primary passageway for air entry?

A

Nose/nasal cavity

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19
Q

What is the space contained within the flexible tissues of the nose called?

A

Nasal vistbule

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20
Q

What does the epithelium of the nasal vestibule contain?

A

Coarse hairs that extend across the nostrils

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the hairs in the nasal cavity?

A

Prevents large air-borne particles (sand, dust, insects, etc…) from entering the nasal cavity

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22
Q

What are the three functions of the irregular bony surface in the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Makes incoming air turbulent which makes it more likely for incoming air particles to make contact with the mucus
  2. It provides extra time for warming/humidifying the air
  3. It creates circular air currents which brings olfactory stimuli to olfactory receptors
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23
Q

Where is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Superior portion

24
Q

What provides the sense of smell?

A

Receptors in the olfactory epithelium in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity

25
Q

What does the vascularization of the nasal cavity do (2)?

A

Warms and humidifies the incoming air

26
Q

What is the significance of nasal respiration over mouth respiration?

A

Nasal respiration ensure the air is warmed and humidified so that the more delicate respiratory surfaces are not drying out/chilling

Mouth respiration eliminates this process

27
Q

At the boundary between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx what does the epithelium change to?

A

Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium

28
Q

Which part of the upper respiratory tract is shared by the digestive AND respiratory systems?

What does this affect?

A

Pharynx

Affects the type of epithelium

29
Q

What is a cartilaginous tube that surrounds and protects the glottis (opening between the vocal cords)?

A

Larynx

30
Q

Inhaled air moves from the ____ to the _____ through the glottis

A

Pharynx, Larynx

31
Q

The Larynx is composed of what 3 cartilages?

A
  1. Epiglottis
  2. Thyroid Cartilage
  3. Cricoid cartilage
32
Q

What type of cartilage is the Epiglottis made of?

A

Elastic cartilage

33
Q

What type of cartilage is Thyroid Cartilage and Cricoid cartilage made of?

A

Hyaline cartilage (protects glottis and entrance to trachea)

34
Q

What is the guardian of the airways? What does it do?

A

Epiglottis

When swallowing: Epiglottis bends over the glottis so bolus of food glides over the Epiglottis and doesn’t fall into pharynx

If food enters the windpipe, gag-reflex is induced

35
Q

What is Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)?

A

Angle of the thyroid cartilage

During puberty the thyroid cartilage elongates in response to androgens

Children have shorter/slender vocal cords=high voices

36
Q

What are the three functions of the Larynx (voice box)?

A
  1. Provide a patent airway (open and clear)
  2. Act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels (if food/liquid touches vocal folds=coughing reflex)
  3. Function in voice production (house vocal cords)
37
Q

How is speech produced?

A

Intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis

38
Q

How is the loudness of voice affected?

A

Increase loudness by increasing the FORCE at which the air rushes across the vocal cords

39
Q

How is the pitch of voice affected?

A

Changed by changing the tension of the vocal cords by voluntary muscles

40
Q

The _____ resonates, amplifies, and enhances sound quality

A

Pharynx

41
Q

What is the tough, flexible tube that branches into the right and left main bronchi called?

A

Trachea

42
Q

What is the ridge that separates the openings of the right and left main bronchi at the junction with the trachea called?

A

Carina of the trachea

43
Q

How many tracheal cartilages are there?

A

20

44
Q

What is the shape/function of tracheal cartiglages?

A

Discontinuous at the posterior trachea=allows for distortion of walls when we swallow to pass large masses of food through esophagus

Also stiffen the tracheal walls to keep trachea open/protect airway

45
Q

The ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by an _____ ____ _____ and a ____ ______

A

Elastic anular ligament
Trachealis muscle

46
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation cause in the trachea?

A

Muscle relaxation/increases diameter of trachea which allows for more airflow

47
Q

What is mucosa made of?

A

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium covered by mucus

48
Q

What contains tracheal glands that produce mucous secretions?

A

Mucosa

49
Q

What is the structure of bronchi in the lungs?

A

Branching pattern of bronchi

Main bronchus–>Lobar bronchus–>Segmental bronchi–>Smaller bronchioles

50
Q

Where are the respiratory bronchioles connected to alveoli?

A

Along alveolar ducts

51
Q

Alveolar ducts end at alveolar sacs. What are alveolar sacs?

A

Common chambers connected to many individual alveoli

52
Q

What is each alveolus surrounded by?

A

Elastic fibers and an extensive network of capillaries

53
Q

What type of epithelium is Pneumocytes type 1 made of?

What does in form?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

Forms the wall of the alveoli- site of gas exchange

54
Q

What is Pneumocytes type 2 made of?

What does in produce?

A

Large cells scattered among the squamous cells

Produce surfactant

55
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Oily secretion that coats the alveolar surface and reduces surface tension to keep alveoli open

It helps keep the tiny air sacs (alveoli) open so you can breathe in and out easily

56
Q

What is Respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Alveoli collapse after breathing out because there isn’t enough surfactant, often because of injury or genetic issues

BMS 300 Unit 4 (13 decks)

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