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BMS 300 Unit 4 > Lecture 47- Digestive System Part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 47- Digestive System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the gastric phase begin with?

A

The arrival of food in the stomach

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2
Q

The activation of what type of receptors enhance gastrin sections from the cephalic phase?

A

Stretch receptors

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3
Q

What three things happen when gastrin is released into the bloodstream?

A
  1. Protein digestion
  2. Powerful contractions (mixing waves)
  3. Stimulation of gastric motility
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4
Q

What is the role of intrinsic factor in the gastric phase of digestion?

A

Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein secreted in the stomach that facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

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5
Q

What is the role of gastric lipase?

A

Digests fat

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6
Q

How is pepsin increased in order to break down proteins?

A

Pepsinogen is converted into pepsin due to acidic environment

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7
Q

What type of environment is essential for the function of cells that secrete pepsinogen?

A

Acidic environment

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8
Q

What are the five main roles of HCl function?

A
  1. Acidic environment to secrete pepsinogen
  2. Acidic environment to kill microorganisms
  3. Denatures proteins
  4. Inactivates most of the enzymes in food
  5. Helps break down plant cell walls/connective tissues in meat
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9
Q

What 5 main factors determine gastric emptying?

A
  1. Volume
  2. Osmotic pressure
  3. Nutrient density
  4. Particle size
  5. Viscosity
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10
Q

How does an increase in volume affect the rate of gastric emptying?

How does this occur?

A

Increases rate

Increased volume=increased activity of stretch receptors=increase intragastric pressure=increased rate

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11
Q

How does an increase in osmolarity affect the rate of gastric emptying?

How does this occur?

A

Decreases rate

When the stomach is more salty in needs time to dilute it first which decreases the rate

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12
Q

How does an increase in nutrient density affect the rate of gastric emptying?

How does this occur?

A

Decreases rate

Can be done with carbs, fats, proteins. Needs more fluid to offset nutrients which takes more time and decreases rate

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13
Q

How does an increase in particle size affect the rate of gastric emptying?

How does this occur?

A

Decreases rate

Have to sieve through large/small particles and the larger particles collect at lower part of stomach

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14
Q

How does an increase in viscosity affect the rate of gastric emptying?

How does this occur?

A

Decreases rate

Soluble fiber requires more water to be drawn in and activates appetite suppressants

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15
Q

What is the only determinant of gastric emptying that will increase the rate, proportional to increasing the factor?

A

Volume

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16
Q

How does insoluble fiber water react in water?

A

Swells

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17
Q

How does soluble fiber water react in water?

A

Thickens

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18
Q

What part of the plant is insoluble fiber found in?

A

Skin

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19
Q

What part of the plant is soluble fiber found in?

A

Flesh

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20
Q

How does insoluble fibers treat constipation

A

Insoluble fibers treat constipation by adding bulk to stool, making it softer and easier to pass, and by stimulating the muscles in the intestines to move waste along more efficiently

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21
Q

How does insoluble fibers reduce the risk for colon cancer?

A

Bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber dilutes carcinogens for cancer

22
Q

How does soluble fibers treat constipation

A

Increases water due to more viscosity which will make the stool softer

23
Q

How does soluble fibers reduce cholesterol levels?

A

Binds bile which reduces the reabsorption of bile acids

24
Q

How does soluble fibers help diabetics?

A

Viscosity entraps sugars which slows glucose absorption/lowers spikes in glucose levels

25
Q

How does vomiting reflex work?

A

-Pyloric sphincter relaxes
-Peristaltic waves discharge small intestine contents to stomach
-Gastroesophageal sphincter relaxes
-Stomach contents through esophagus, pharynx, and mouth

26
Q

What are the six consequences of habitual purging?

A
  1. Esophagus damage
  2. Scar tissue formation
  3. Affects peristalsis
  4. Tooth decay
  5. Cardiac irregularities
  6. Death
27
Q

How does gastric ulcers occur?

A

When stomach acid damages the lining of the digestive tract

28
Q

What does the intestinal phase begin with?

A

Begins when chyme first enters the duodenum

29
Q

What is the primary role of the intestinal phase?

A

Controls emptying and secretions in the GI tract

30
Q

What three things does the distension (stretching) of the duodenum do?

A
  1. Inhibits gastrin production
  2. Inhibits gastric contractions
  3. Stimulates the contraction of the pyloric sphincter which prevents further discharge of chyme
31
Q

What are the four secretions of the intestinal phase?

A
  1. Alkaline mucus
  2. CCK- Cholecystokinin
  3. GIP- Gastric inhibitory peptide
  4. Secretin
32
Q

How does CCK affect the pyloric sphincter? What does this do to gastric emptying and satiety?

A

-Constricts the pyloric sphincter
-Inhibits gastric emptying
-Triggers satiety by inhibiting food intake

33
Q

CCK ______ pancreatic enzyme secretion

A

Stimulates

34
Q

CCK _______ bile synthesis in the liver

A

Increases

35
Q

CCK ________ gallbladder contraction to release bile

A

Stimulates

36
Q

What does GIP stimulate the release of?

What needs to be dependent for this to happen?

A

Insulin

Glucose-dependent

37
Q

What does secretin stimulate the release of? What is their function?

A

Pancreatic buffers

Protects the duodenum from acidic chyme

38
Q

Secretin _________ mucus secretion in the duodenum

A

Increases

39
Q

Secretin neutralizes the pH in the duodenum by optimizing the function of what two pancreatic enzymes?

A

Lipase and amylase

40
Q

In the small intestine, what is released if the pH is low?

A

Secretin

41
Q

In the small intestine, what is released if there is an increased amount of carbohydrates?

A

GIP

42
Q

In the small intestine, what is released if there is an increased amount of lipids/proteins?

A

CCK

43
Q

What do GIP, CCK, and secretin all have negative inhibition on?

A

Gastric secretions in the small intestine

44
Q

What are the two main inhibition processes of GIP on gastric secretion?

A
  1. Insulin release
  2. Increase of fat synthesis and storage
45
Q

What are the four organs CCK has an effect on during gastric secretion inhbition?

A

Liver, pancreas, pyloric sphincter, and gallbladder

46
Q

What is the function at the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and pyloric sphincter during CCK inhibition of gastric secretion?

A

Liver- increase bile synthesis
Gallbladder- release bile
Pancreas- digestive enzymes
Pyloric Sphincter- constriction

47
Q

What organ does secretin affect/what is the function?

A

Pancreas- mixture of bicarbonate and water to increase pH so digestive enzymes can function

48
Q

What is the function of pancreatic alpha amylase?

A

Breaks down carbs and starches

49
Q

What is the function of protease?

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

50
Q

What is the function of pancreatic lipase?

A

Breaks down fats in the pancreas

51
Q

What is the function of nucleases?

A

Break down RNA or DNA

52
Q

What are the four pancreatic enzymes?

A
  1. Pancreatic alpha amylase
  2. Protease
  3. Pancreatic lipase
  4. Nucleases

BMS 300 Unit 4 (13 decks)

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