Lecture 4 - Sleep Apnea

Question 1

Sleep Apnea

Answer 1

• Recurrent episodes of not breathing during sleep
• Can occur about 60 times per hours in severe cases
• can be obstructive (obesity) or neural (central) in nature

Question 2

Sleep Apnea Affects…

Answer 2

• Affects 4% of the population
• more common in males and linked heavily to obesity
• Can also be affected by sex, age, race, face/neck structure, & levels of alcohol or smoking consumption

Question 3

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Answer 3

• complete or partial collapse of upper airway
• translated to apnea & hypoxia events
• Arousal activated from sympathetic activation
• Oxyhemoglobin desaturation

Question 4

Apnea Events

Answer 4

Cessation of airflow for >10 seconds

Question 5

Hypoxia Events

Answer 5

Decreased airflow for 10 or more seconds

Question 6

Sleep Apnea leads to…. (7)

Answer 6

1. Excess daytime somnolence
2. Impaired cognitive performance
3. Poor quality of life
4. Increased risk of MVA
5. Adverse cardiovascular outcomes
6. Systemic & pulmonary hypertension
7. Metabolic syndrome (?)

Question 7

Obesity + Sleep Apnea

Answer 7

• fatty deposition alters airway shapes
• decreases glossopharygeal neural actions and muscle tone
• central abdominal fat displaces room

Question 8

Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)

Answer 8

• “Cheynes-Stokes” respiration

- Leads to patterns of hyperventilation, apnea, and hyperventilation again