Lecture 1 (Quiz 1) Flashcards
Etiologic Classifications (9)
- Congenital
- Inherited
- Idiopathic
- Iatrogenic
- Infectious & Immunological
- Metabolic
- Nutritional
- Neoplastic
- Chemical/Physical Agents
Congenital
Apparent at the time of birth. Ex: Down’s Syndrome
Inherited
Genetic. Ex: Huntington’s
Idiopathic
Unknown cause. Ex: Certain drug toxicities, Steven Johnson Syndrome
Iatrogenic
Caused by medical intervention. Ex: Infected surgical wound
Infectious
Any bacterial, viral, parasitic, etc. type of infection. Ex: Staph or HIV
Immunological
Overreaction of the immune system causing damage. Ex: Rheumatoid fever, inflammations, etc.
Metabolic
Any disease that effects the body’s metabolism and balance. Ex: Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome
Nutritional
Any disease that effects ingestion, uptake, absorption, or excretion of nutrients or wastes. Ex: Anorexia, Bulimia, Marasmus
Neoplastic
Lack of control of cell growth control that can be genetic in nature. Ex: Cancer
Pathogenesis
Cellular Changes»_space; Tissues & Organ Changes»_space; Changes in Systemic Function»_space; Complications of Communication between Systems (All Interplay!!)
Stages of Clinical Course (9)
- Incubation
- Prodromal
- Acute
- Subclinical
- Latent
- Chronic
- Remission
- Exacerbation
- Sequelae
Incubation
Time between etiological event & first signs/symptoms Ex: Time between contracting the flu virus and experiencing flu symtoms
Prodromal
First signs/symptoms appear
Acute
Significant symptoms over a short period of time (hour to days).
Subclinical
ACTIVE disease without signs/symptoms. Ex: Renal Disease, no symptoms until 90% of function is lost
Latent
Silent Period. Symptoms disappear but a relapse can occur. Ex: Shingles, Herpes
Chronic
Disease that lasts months to years.
Remission
Decrease or disappearance of signs/symptom, may be related to a cure but not always. Ex: Cancer
Exacerbation
Sudden increase in severity of symptoms/signs. “Flare-up.” Ex: AECB
Sequelae
Pathology after disease. Ex: Scarring from inflammation
Symptoms
Subjective. Only can be reported by the person with disease. Ex: Nausea, Headache, Join Pain, etc.
Signs
Objective. Can be seen/measured/determined by health professional through tests or observation.
Factors Influencing Normalcy (5)
- Cultural
- Situational
- Gender
- Age
- Time of Day
Parameters to Assess Signs (6)
- Validity
- Reliability
- Sensitivity
- Specificity
- Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
- Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
Validity
Value of measurements as intended. Ex: Pulse oximeter isn’t a valid choice for someone with diabetes or carbon monoxide poisoning.
Reliability
Getting similar results across multiple tests. Doesn’t necessarily mean accuracy!!!
Sensitivity
Ability to accurately detect true positives.
Specificity
Ability to accurately detect true negatives.
PPV
Probability that a positive test result means the patient has the disease.
NPV
Probability that a negative test result means the patient doesn’t have the disease.
Levels of Prevention
Primary - Alter susceptibility and lower exposure
Secondary - Early detection, management of disease
Tertiary - Rehabilitation, supportive care, restore effective function and decrease disability.
