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805 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology

1
Q

Klebsielle Pneumoniae 225

A

-Example given at start of class of bacteria that is resistant to EVERYTHING except imipenem and fluoroquinolones

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2
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Bacteriology
  • Prokaryotic
  • Single cell organisms
  • Most antimicrobials target bacteria
  • Ex: strep, staph, pneumonia
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3
Q

Fungi

A
  • Mycology
  • Eukaryotic Cells
  • Single or multi-cell organisms
  • Chemotherapy is more limits
  • Ex: Candida, athlete’s foot, aspergillus
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4
Q

Virus

A

-Virology
-Non-cellular
-Obligate, intracellular pathogen
-Infectious
-Anti-viral development challenging
Ex: Chicken pox, measles, mumps, shingles

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5
Q

Parasites

A
  • Parasitology
  • Tape worms
  • Trichomoras
  • Dracunules medinensis
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6
Q

Prions

A

-Non-cellular
-Pathogen protein
-Driven by amount of glycosylation, possibly
Animals: Mad Cow Disease, Chronic Wasting Disease
Humans: Kuru, Fatal Familial Insomnia

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7
Q

Infectious Disease

A
  • Noncommunicable Disease

- Nosocomial Infections

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8
Q

Noncommunicable Diseases

A
  • Caused by microbiota
  • E. Coli or microbiota in improper places (deep tissues, mouth biota in heart, etc.)
  • Food poisoning due to pre-formed toxins or botulism in adults are examples
  • Transmitted by common source - Legionnarie’s disease from HVAC or Pseudomonas in water
  • Diseases from pathogens in environment can also be a source (fungal spores, tetanus, etc.)
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9
Q

Spread Methods (2)

A
  • Vertical

- Horizontal

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10
Q

Vertical Spread of Infectious Disease

A
  • Mother-to-child
  • Transplacental (child birth)
  • Breast milk
  • Rubella, AIDS, Herpes
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11
Q

Horizontal Spread of Infectious Disease

A
  • Other routes

- Saliva, skin to skin, fecal-oral, vector transmitted, zoonoses

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12
Q

Direct Spread

A

-Moves without help from one person to another, close contact is required, travels within a meter of distance
-Saliva/respiratory droplets are means or transport
Ex: common cold or influenza

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13
Q

Skin-to-Skin Contact Spread Example

A

MRSA (occurs in athletes commonly)

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14
Q

Blood-borne Spread Examples

A

Hepatitis A & B, AIDS

-Requires inoculation of blood/blood products

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15
Q

Fecal-Oral Spread

A
  • Intestinal pathogens spread via this method
  • Increased risk with children in daycare, holding children, and even shaking hands
  • E. Coli, Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella
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16
Q

Indirect - Respiratory Infection

A

-Air particle over distance greater than a meter
-Fomites - inanimate objects that spread disease
Ex: Flu or cold

17
Q

Indirect - Intestinal Infection Paths

A

-Contaminated water, food, and fomites

18
Q

Indirect - Blood-borne Infection Paths

A

-Needle sticks and scalpel cuts tend to allow for pathogens to infect

19
Q

Biological Vectors

A
  • Indirect infection via anthropods
  • Ex: Malaria, Lyme Disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Plague
  • Passed via mosquitos, ticks, lice, etc.
20
Q

Animal Infections

A
  • Zoonoses
  • Diseases transmitted from animals to humans
  • Direct contact - rabies, anthrax, etc.
  • Indirect contact - Lyme Disease, plague
  • Travel: Vertebrate&raquo_space; Vector&raquo_space; Human
21
Q

Patterns of Incidence (4)

A
  1. Sporadic
  2. Endemic
  3. Epidemic
  4. Pandemic
22
Q

Sporadic

A

Observed only occasionally and without geographic concentration

23
Q

Endemic

A

Low, constant levels (smoldering infection)

24
Q

Epidemic

A

Higher levels of infection in a short time in a geographic location

25
Q

Pandemic

A

Widespread (possibly worldwide) infection with high attack rates

26
Q

Nosocomial Infections

A
  • Health-care associated
  • NOT present at time of admission
  • Develops during hospitalization (5-15% patients)
  • Can occur from contact with health care professionals, contaminated equipment, ventilators, IV, catheters, spread of normal flora, or surgery
  • High mortality rate - people infected are already sick and have weakened immune defenses. Most of these infections are resistant to drugs though they rarely infect health individuals
27
Q

Primary Pathogen

A

Disease causing pathogen in health, strong individuals

28
Q

Opportunistic Pathogen

A

Disease causing pathogen in compromised host

29
Q

Pseudomonas Aerginosa

A
  • Can be part of normal microbiota
  • Serious and life-threatening infections in burn patients, those on respirators, eye infections with contacts, and outer ear infections
30
Q

Are opportunistic pathogens avirulent?

A

Far from it, usually contain a multitude of virulence factors.

31
Q

Infectious Dose

A

Amount of pathogen needed to infect 50% of patients. Usually measured for diarrheal pathogens

32
Q

Newly Discovered Infections

A

Hantavirus, HIV, Ebola, West Nile Virus, SARS, and MERS

33
Q

Evolving/Re-emerging Threats

A

Community-acquired MRSA, Pan-resistant bacteria, E. Cola O157H7

34
Q

Superbugs Problems

A
  • Pan-resistant bacteria is on the rise
  • Pipeline of new antibiotic development is dwindling
  • Resistance to new drugs is rapid
35
Q

How to Avoid Antibiotic Resistant Pathogens?

A
  • Slow evolution of resistance
  • Appropriate use of antibodies
  • Drug combinations
  • Attack virulence factors
  • Hospital Infection Control
36
Q

Miama Superbug Outbreak

A
  • Admission file: XDR bacteria
  • Only sensitive to colistin and gentamicin
  • Overlooked and ignored
  • 9 more patients came in over 3 months with identical cases
  • Overall impact: 5 died, 2 survived with kidney failure, 3 survived without kidney failure

805 (18 decks)

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