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Physiology Exam 3 > Lecture 4: Salivary and Gastric Secretions > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Salivary and Gastric Secretions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major salivary glands?

A

Parotid glands
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands

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2
Q

What kind of cells and fluid are in the parotid gland?

A

Serious cells; aqueous fluid

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3
Q

What does the secretions of the parotid gland contain?

A

Water, ions, enzymes

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4
Q

What cells do sublingual and submandibular glands contain?

A

Mixed glands with serous and mucous cells (mucin glycoproteins)

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5
Q

What gland is special to the dog and cat?

A

Zygomatic gland

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6
Q

In the structure of a salivary gland, each “grape” in the bunch of grapes is an

A

Acinus

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7
Q

Salivary glands are lined with what kind of cells

A

Acinar cells

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8
Q

Acinar cells produce what? (vague)

A

Initial saliva

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9
Q

What does initial saliva contain?

A

Water, ions, enzymes, mucous

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10
Q

Which duct does initial saliva pass through first?

A

Intercalated duct

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11
Q

What duct does saliva pass through second?

A

Striated duct

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12
Q

What kind of cells line the striated duct?

A

Ductal cells

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13
Q

What is the function of ductal cells?

A

Modify saliva (alter concentration of ions)

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14
Q

What kind of cells contract and eject saliva due to neural stimulation?

A

Myoepithelial

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15
Q

What kind of innervation do acinar and ductal cells have?

A

PNS and SNS

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16
Q

Which innervation typically dominates acinar and ductal cells?

A

PNS

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17
Q

How is blood flow impacted when saliva production is stimulated?

A

Increases

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18
Q

Name the components of saliva

A

Water, electrolytes, amylase (some species), lingual lipase, kallikrein, mucus

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19
Q

What is the function of kallikrein?

A

Regulates local vasodilation association with secretion

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20
Q

Saliva is ________ compared with plasma

A

Hypotonic

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21
Q

What is the first step of saliva formation?

A

Formation of isotonic solution by acinar cells

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22
Q

What is the second step of saliva formation?

A

Modification of solution by ductal cells to become hypotonic

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23
Q

Saliva has increased ____ and _____, lower ____ and ____ compared to plasma

A

Increased potassium and bicarb
Lower Na and Cl

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24
Q

What are the two transporters involved in saliva modification?

A

Luminal membrane and basolateral membrane

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25
Name the luminal membrane transporters
Na+/H+ Exchange Cl-/HCO3- Exchange H+/K+ Exchange
26
Name the basolateral membrane transporters
Na+/K+ ATPase Cl- Channels
27
Absorption of Na+ and Cl- into the blood = _____ concentrations in saliva
Low
28
Ductal cells are ___________ to water
Impermeable
29
When Na + Cl reabsorbed, what happens to water (ductal cells)
Stays, because ductal cells impermeable
30
Which cells secrete organic components?
Acinar
31
Alpha amylase in pigs and humans is responsible for
Starch digestion
32
Lingual lipase is responsible for
Lipid digestion
33
What is the function of mucin glycoproteins?
Mucous, lubricant
34
At what flow rates does saliva resemble plasma?
High flow rates, 4 mL/min
35
At what flow rates is saliva hypotonic when compared to plasma?
Low, <1 mL/min
36
Final saliva is typically hypertonic or hypotonic?
Hypotonic
37
Final composition of saliva depends on contact time with
Ductal cells
38
Why does saliva resemble plasma at high flow rates?
Less time to modify saliva
39
Concentration of what is lowest at low flow rates and highest at high flow rates?
HCO3
40
Secretion of what is selectively stimulated when production is stimulated?
HCO3
41
Salivary secretion is exclusively under
Neural control
42
Salivary secretion is stimulated by what ANS
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
43
Where is saliva formation PNS innervation located
On facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
44
How do food, smell, nausea effect PNS activity on saliva formation?
Increase
45
How do fear, sleep, dehydration effect PNS activity on saliva formation?
Decrease
46
Postglanglionic neurons of PNS release what
Ach
47
The Ach released by postganglionic neurons of PNS act on which receptors?
Muscarinic on acinar and ductal cells
48
Postanglionic neurons of SNS release what?
NE
49
NE binds to which receptors in saliva formation?
Beta-adrenergic on acinar and ductal cells
50
When SNS postganglionic NE binds to beta-adrenergic receptors on acinar and ductal cells, what happens?
Increased saliva secretions
51
List the components of gastric juice
HCl, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, mucus
52
What two components of gastric juice initiate protein digestion?
HCl and pepsinogen
53
What is the purpose of intrinsic factor in gastric juice?
Essential for absorption of Vitamin B12 in ileum
54
What is the purpose of mucus in gastric juice?
Protects gastric mucosa from HCl and lubricates
55
What gastric glands are located in the body of the stomach?
Oxyntic glands
56
Name the cells located in oxyntic glands
Epithelial, mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells
57
Where are epithelial cells of oxyntic glands lining?
Opening of oxyntic glands
58
What is function of mucous neck cells in oxyntic glands?
Secrete mucous
59
What is the function of parietal cells?
Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
60
What is the purpose of chief cells?
Secrete pepsinogen Need to be activated
61
What glands are located in the antrum of the stomach?
Pyloric glands (deeper)
62
Name the cells found in pyloric glands
G cells, mucous neck cells
63
What is the function of mucous neck cells in pyloric glands?
Secrete mucous, bicarb, pepsinogen
64
What is the purpose of G cells in pyloric glands?
Secrete gastrin into circulation
65
HCl is secreted by which cells?
Parietal
66
Apical membrane has which channels?
H+/K+ ATPase and Cl- Channels
67
Basolateral membrane has which channels?
Na/K ATPase and Cl/HCO3 exchangers
68
Carbonic anhydrase is contained by which cells?
Parietal
69
H+ goes to where via what transporter?
Lumen via H+/K+ ATPase
70
HCO3 is absorbed into where via what transporter?
Blood via HCO3/Cl exchanger
71
What follows H+ into the lumen and through what transporter?
Cl follows H+ into lumen via Cl- channels
72
What is responsible for the "alkaline tide" in gastric venous blood after a meal?
HCO3
73
What will happen to absorbed bicarbonate in the alkaline tide?
Will be secreted back into GIT via pancreatic secretions
74
During HCl secretion there is a net secretion of what and net absorption of what?
Net secretion of HCl Net absorption of HCO3
75
What three substances stimulate H+ secretion?
Histamine, ACh, Gastrin
76
Where is histamine released and by what?
ECL cells in gastric mucosa
77
What does histamine bind to/what cells are involved?
H2 receptors on parietal cells
78
What is the second messenger for Histamine?
cAMP
79
What is ACh released by?
Vagus nerves innervating gastric mucosa
80
What does ACh bind/what cells involved?
Muscarinic receptors in parietal cells
81
What are the second messengers for ACh?
IP3/Ca2+
82
What is gastrin secreted by and where?
G cells in stomach antrum
83
What does gastrin bind/what cells involved?
CCKB receptors on parietal cells
84
What are the second messengers involved with gastrin?
IP3/Ca2+
85
Define potentiation in relation to histamine
Strong interaction with either ACh or Gastrin Gives strongest response to stimulate H+
86
Potentiation general definition
Sum of 2 stimuli cause a greater response than the sum of indifivdual responses
87
Drugs can have ______________ effects due to potentiation
Greater than expected
88
Omeprazole is a non-competitive inhibitor of what?
H+-K+ ATPase transporter Irreversibly blocks and avoids H+ secretion

Physiology Exam 3 (13 decks)

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