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Physiology Exam 3 > Lecture 4: Salivary and Gastric Secretions > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Salivary and Gastric Secretions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major salivary glands?

A

Parotid glands
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands

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2
Q

What kind of cells and fluid are in the parotid gland?

A

Serious cells; aqueous fluid

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3
Q

What does the secretions of the parotid gland contain?

A

Water, ions, enzymes

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4
Q

What cells do sublingual and submandibular glands contain?

A

Mixed glands with serous and mucous cells (mucin glycoproteins)

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5
Q

What gland is special to the dog and cat?

A

Zygomatic gland

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6
Q

In the structure of a salivary gland, each “grape” in the bunch of grapes is an

A

Acinus

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7
Q

Salivary glands are lined with what kind of cells

A

Acinar cells

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8
Q

Acinar cells produce what? (vague)

A

Initial saliva

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9
Q

What does initial saliva contain?

A

Water, ions, enzymes, mucous

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10
Q

Which duct does initial saliva pass through first?

A

Intercalated duct

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11
Q

What duct does saliva pass through second?

A

Striated duct

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12
Q

What kind of cells line the striated duct?

A

Ductal cells

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13
Q

What is the function of ductal cells?

A

Modify saliva (alter concentration of ions)

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14
Q

What kind of cells contract and eject saliva due to neural stimulation?

A

Myoepithelial

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15
Q

What kind of innervation do acinar and ductal cells have?

A

PNS and SNS

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16
Q

Which innervation typically dominates acinar and ductal cells?

A

PNS

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17
Q

How is blood flow impacted when saliva production is stimulated?

A

Increases

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18
Q

Name the components of saliva

A

Water, electrolytes, amylase (some species), lingual lipase, kallikrein, mucus

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19
Q

What is the function of kallikrein?

A

Regulates local vasodilation association with secretion

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20
Q

Saliva is ________ compared with plasma

A

Hypotonic

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21
Q

What is the first step of saliva formation?

A

Formation of isotonic solution by acinar cells

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22
Q

What is the second step of saliva formation?

A

Modification of solution by ductal cells to become hypotonic

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23
Q

Saliva has increased ____ and _____, lower ____ and ____ compared to plasma

A

Increased potassium and bicarb
Lower Na and Cl

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24
Q

What are the two transporters involved in saliva modification?

A

Luminal membrane and basolateral membrane

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25
Q

Name the luminal membrane transporters

A

Na+/H+ Exchange
Cl-/HCO3- Exchange
H+/K+ Exchange

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26
Q

Name the basolateral membrane transporters

A

Na+/K+ ATPase
Cl- Channels

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27
Q

Absorption of Na+ and Cl- into the blood = _____ concentrations in saliva

A

Low

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28
Q

Ductal cells are ___________ to water

A

Impermeable

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29
Q

When Na + Cl reabsorbed, what happens to water (ductal cells)

A

Stays, because ductal cells impermeable

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30
Q

Which cells secrete organic components?

A

Acinar

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31
Q

Alpha amylase in pigs and humans is responsible for

A

Starch digestion

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32
Q

Lingual lipase is responsible for

A

Lipid digestion

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33
Q

What is the function of mucin glycoproteins?

A

Mucous, lubricant

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34
Q

At what flow rates does saliva resemble plasma?

A

High flow rates, 4 mL/min

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35
Q

At what flow rates is saliva hypotonic when compared to plasma?

A

Low, <1 mL/min

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36
Q

Final saliva is typically hypertonic or hypotonic?

A

Hypotonic

37
Q

Final composition of saliva depends on contact time with

A

Ductal cells

38
Q

Why does saliva resemble plasma at high flow rates?

A

Less time to modify saliva

39
Q

Concentration of what is lowest at low flow rates and highest at high flow rates?

A

HCO3

40
Q

Secretion of what is selectively stimulated when production is stimulated?

A

HCO3

41
Q

Salivary secretion is exclusively under

A

Neural control

42
Q

Salivary secretion is stimulated by what ANS

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

43
Q

Where is saliva formation PNS innervation located

A

On facial and glossopharyngeal nerves

44
Q

How do food, smell, nausea effect PNS activity on saliva formation?

A

Increase

45
Q

How do fear, sleep, dehydration effect PNS activity on saliva formation?

A

Decrease

46
Q

Postglanglionic neurons of PNS release what

A

Ach

47
Q

The Ach released by postganglionic neurons of PNS act on which receptors?

A

Muscarinic on acinar and ductal cells

48
Q

Postanglionic neurons of SNS release what?

A

NE

49
Q

NE binds to which receptors in saliva formation?

A

Beta-adrenergic on acinar and ductal cells

50
Q

When SNS postganglionic NE binds to beta-adrenergic receptors on acinar and ductal cells, what happens?

A

Increased saliva secretions

51
Q

List the components of gastric juice

A

HCl, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, mucus

52
Q

What two components of gastric juice initiate protein digestion?

A

HCl and pepsinogen

53
Q

What is the purpose of intrinsic factor in gastric juice?

A

Essential for absorption of Vitamin B12 in ileum

54
Q

What is the purpose of mucus in gastric juice?

A

Protects gastric mucosa from HCl and lubricates

55
Q

What gastric glands are located in the body of the stomach?

A

Oxyntic glands

56
Q

Name the cells located in oxyntic glands

A

Epithelial, mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells

57
Q

Where are epithelial cells of oxyntic glands lining?

A

Opening of oxyntic glands

58
Q

What is function of mucous neck cells in oxyntic glands?

A

Secrete mucous

59
Q

What is the function of parietal cells?

A

Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

60
Q

What is the purpose of chief cells?

A

Secrete pepsinogen
Need to be activated

61
Q

What glands are located in the antrum of the stomach?

A

Pyloric glands (deeper)

62
Q

Name the cells found in pyloric glands

A

G cells, mucous neck cells

63
Q

What is the function of mucous neck cells in pyloric glands?

A

Secrete mucous, bicarb, pepsinogen

64
Q

What is the purpose of G cells in pyloric glands?

A

Secrete gastrin into circulation

65
Q

HCl is secreted by which cells?

A

Parietal

66
Q

Apical membrane has which channels?

A

H+/K+ ATPase and Cl- Channels

67
Q

Basolateral membrane has which channels?

A

Na/K ATPase and Cl/HCO3 exchangers

68
Q

Carbonic anhydrase is contained by which cells?

A

Parietal

69
Q

H+ goes to where via what transporter?

A

Lumen via H+/K+ ATPase

70
Q

HCO3 is absorbed into where via what transporter?

A

Blood via HCO3/Cl exchanger

71
Q

What follows H+ into the lumen and through what transporter?

A

Cl follows H+ into lumen via Cl- channels

72
Q

What is responsible for the “alkaline tide” in gastric venous blood after a meal?

A

HCO3

73
Q

What will happen to absorbed bicarbonate in the alkaline tide?

A

Will be secreted back into GIT via pancreatic secretions

74
Q

During HCl secretion there is a net secretion of what and net absorption of what?

A

Net secretion of HCl
Net absorption of HCO3

75
Q

What three substances stimulate H+ secretion?

A

Histamine, ACh, Gastrin

76
Q

Where is histamine released and by what?

A

ECL cells in gastric mucosa

77
Q

What does histamine bind to/what cells are involved?

A

H2 receptors on parietal cells

78
Q

What is the second messenger for Histamine?

A

cAMP

79
Q

What is ACh released by?

A

Vagus nerves innervating gastric mucosa

80
Q

What does ACh bind/what cells involved?

A

Muscarinic receptors in parietal cells

81
Q

What are the second messengers for ACh?

A

IP3/Ca2+

82
Q

What is gastrin secreted by and where?

A

G cells in stomach antrum

83
Q

What does gastrin bind/what cells involved?

A

CCKB receptors on parietal cells

84
Q

What are the second messengers involved with gastrin?

A

IP3/Ca2+

85
Q

Define potentiation in relation to histamine

A

Strong interaction with either ACh or Gastrin
Gives strongest response to stimulate H+

86
Q

Potentiation general definition

A

Sum of 2 stimuli cause a greater response than the sum of indifivdual responses

87
Q

Drugs can have ______________ effects due to potentiation

A

Greater than expected

88
Q

Omeprazole is a non-competitive inhibitor of what?

A

H+-K+ ATPase transporter
Irreversibly blocks and avoids H+ secretion

Physiology Exam 3 (13 decks)

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