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Physiology Exam 3 > Lecture 1: Structure + Innervation of Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Structure + Innervation of Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the linear sequence of the GIT

A

Mouth > Esophagus > Stomach > Small intestine > Large intestine > Anus

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2
Q

Mouth digestive processes and goal

A

Acquiring and mastication
Goal: To breakdown particles for absorption

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3
Q

Stomach digestive processes

A

Mixing and hydrolyzes protein

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4
Q

What does majority of absorption occur?

A

Small intestine

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5
Q

Small intestine digestive processes

A

Digests and absorbs protein, carbs, fat, absorbs vitamin and minerals

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6
Q

Large intestine digestive processes

A

Reabsorption of water, fermentation of fiber

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7
Q

What are the supportive structures of the GIT?

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder

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8
Q

Salivary glands responsibilities

A

Saliva for lubrication and digestion of starch and fats

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9
Q

Pancreas responsibilities

A

Buffering, digestion of carbs, proteins, fat

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10
Q

Liver responsibilities

A

“First pass” metabolism
Receives all nutrients absorbed from gut before blood returns to heart (takes up some nutrients and sotres)
Makes bile for fat digestion

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11
Q

Where does “first pass” metabolism occur?

A

Liver

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12
Q

Gallbladder responsibiltiies

A

Stores all bile made by the liver

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13
Q

What are the two surfaces of the GIT wall?

A

Mucosal
Serosal

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14
Q

What does the mucosal surface of the GIT wall face?

A

Lumen

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15
Q

What does the serosal surface of the GIT wall face?

A

Blood

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16
Q

Name the layers of the mucosal layer

A

Epithelial cells
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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17
Q

Function of epithelial cells of mucosal layer

A

Important absorptive and secretory functions - sloughed and replaced often

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18
Q

Function of lamina propria of mucosal layer

A

Connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels

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19
Q

Function of muscularis mucosae of mucosal layer

A

Smooth muscle cells, change shapes + surface area of epithelium

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20
Q

What does the submucosal layer of the GIT wall contain?

A

Collagen, elastin, glands, blood vessels

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21
Q

What are the two layers of smooth muscle in the GIT wall?

A

Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle

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22
Q

Which layer of muscle is very thick and has more nerves?

A

Circular muscle

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23
Q

Which layer of muscle and thin and has few nerves?

A

Longituindal muscle

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24
Q

Name layers of GIT wall starting with the lumen

A

Mucosal layer (lumen)
- Epithelium
- Lamina propria
- Muscularis mucosae
Submucosal layer
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle
Serosal layer

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25
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus (meissner’s plexus) located?

A

Between submucosa and circular muscle

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26
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus (auerbach’s plexus) located?

A

Between circular and longitudinal muscle

27
Q

Name the components of the autonomic nervous system involved in innervation of the GIT

A

Extrinsic component
Intrinsic (enteric) component

28
Q

What component of ANS involved in innervation of the GIT corresponds to sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation?

A

Extrinsic component

29
Q

What component of ANS involved in innervation of the GIT corresponds to the enteric component?

A

Intrinsic component

30
Q

Where does the intrinsic (enteric) component begin and end?

A

Begins in esophagus, extends to anus

31
Q

What does the intrinsic (enteric) component communicate with / what is it influenced by?

A

Influenced by and communicates with extrinsics

32
Q

How does the enteric nervous system control functions of GIT in the absence of extrinsic system?

A

Short reflex arcs

33
Q

Define short reflex arcs

A

Fast internal response to digestive stimuli

34
Q

Where is the enteric nervous system located?

A

In ganglia of myenteric and submucosal plexuses

35
Q

The ganglia of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses not only receive input from digestive stimuli, but also from

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

36
Q

The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems putting input on the ganglia of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses are able to

A

Modulate the activity of the ganglia

37
Q

The ganglia of myenteric and submucosal plexuses are able to receive sensory information from

A

Receptors in mucosa

38
Q

The ganglia of myenteric and submucosal plexuses are able to send motor information directly to

A

Smooth muscle, secretory, and endocrine cells

39
Q

What are some examples of sensory information that the ganglia of myenteric and submucosal plexuses are able to receive?

A

Wall stretch, changes in nutrient concentration, osmolarity, pH changes, irritation

40
Q

Name the two enteric plexuses

A

Myenteric
Submucosal

41
Q

Both enteric plexuses communicate with each other using innervations and with

A

CNS via vagal, pelvic, and splanchnic nerves

42
Q

The enteric nervous system controls what functions of the GIT?

A

Contractile, secretory, and endocrine

43
Q

Enteric nervous system can release

A

Neurotransmitters/Neuromodulators

44
Q

Enteric nervous system can operate independent of

A

Brain and spinal cord

45
Q

If the vagus nerve is severed, the enteric nervous system will

A

Still function!

46
Q

The parasympathetic innervation of the GIT is supplied by the

A

Vagus nerve (CNX) and pelvic nerve

47
Q

The vagus nerve innervates which portion of the GIT

A

Upper (Striated muscle in upper third of esophagus, wall of stomach, SI, and ascending colon)

48
Q

The pelvic nerve innervates which portion of the lower GIT

A

Lower (Striated muscle of external anal canal, walls of transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon)

49
Q

PSNS preganglionic fibers long or short?

A

Long

50
Q

Where do PSNS preganglionic fibers synapse?

A

In ganglia in or near target organs

51
Q

PSNS ganglia specific location in GIT

A

Myenteric and submucosal plexuses within walls of GIT

52
Q

Postganglionic neurons of PNS are classified as

A

Classified as cholinergic or peptidergic

53
Q

Cholinergic postganglionic neurons release

A

Acetylcholine

54
Q

Peptidergic postganglionic neurons release

A

Substance P and Vasoactive inhibitory peptide (VIP)

55
Q

Substance P and Vasoactive inhibitory peptide then release..

A

Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

56
Q

Vasovagal reflexes are

A

Reflexes in which both afferent and efferent limbs containtained in the vagus nerve

57
Q

Afferent fibers in vagus nerve delivery sensory information from and to

A

Periphery (receptors in wall of GIT) to CNS

58
Q

Efferent fibers in vagus nerve deliver motor information from and to

A

From CNS to target tissues (smooth muscle, secretory, endocrine cells)

59
Q

Vagus nerve is what % afferent and what % efferent?

A

~75% afferent, 25% efferent

60
Q

Neuromodulators are usually secreted with

A

Neurotransmitters

61
Q

Neuromodulators and act to increase/decrease what?

A

Amount of neurotransmitter released

62
Q

What can act to modify the response of the postsynaptic cell?

A

Neuromodulators

63
Q

Neuromodulators target the slower

A

G-protein neuroreceptors

Physiology Exam 3 (13 decks)

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