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Psychology > Lecture 4 - Prejudice > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Prejudice Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attitude ?

A

An attitude is a disposition to respond favourably or unfavourably towards an object, person, institution or event They can be of a cognitive, affective, behavioural nature

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2
Q

What is hypothetical construct?

A

Explanatory variable which is not directly observable

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3
Q

Features of attitude

A

Evaluative Directed at external objects

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4
Q

What are the 3 components of attitude?

A

Cognitive Affective Behavioural

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5
Q

Cognitive - verbal

A

Belief

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6
Q

Cognitive - non verbal

A

Perceptual reactions

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7
Q

Affective- verbal

A

Feelings

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8
Q

Affective - non verbal

A

Physiological reactions

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9
Q

Behavioural - non verbal

A

Overt behaviours

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10
Q

Simple attitude

A

Your behaviour is consistent with your attitude

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11
Q

Complex attitude

A

Your behaviour is not consistent with your attitude The stronger and more personally relevant an attitude is, the more likely it is to predict behaviour

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12
Q

Attitude accessibility

A

Ease of retrieving an attitude from behaviour

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13
Q

What is implicit stereotype?

A

Unconscious attribution of particular qualities to a member of a certain social group Influenced by experience Based on learned association between various qualities and social catergories

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14
Q

What is attitude seen as ?

A

Class of behaviour

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15
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

Repeated exposure has effect of strengthening response to object The more we are exposed to something, the more we grow to like it/object/ person depending on initial feeling

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16
Q

Zajonc 1968)

A

Used example of Chinese characters. Participants did not know meaning but came to like them/ thought they were positive the more they were exposed to them

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17
Q

What are the 3 forms of attitude formation?

A

Mere exposure effect Classical conditioning Operant conditioning

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18
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Positive/negative reinforcement for behaviour Behaviour that lead to positive outcomes or prevent negative outcome is strengthened

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19
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Consistent pairing of attitude object with other stimuli which are evaluated positively/negatively Through repeated association a formerly neutral stimulus can elicit a reaction which was previously elicited only by another stimulus

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20
Q

Explicit attitude

A

An attitude that a person is consciously aware of an can report

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21
Q

Implicit attitude

A

An attitude that influences a person’s feelings and behaviour at an unconscious level

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22
Q

What is implicit association test?

A

Measures how quickly a person associates concepts or objects with positive or negative words

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23
Q

Implicit association test

A

Measures people’s implicit (unconscious,inaccessible) associations between different concepts (e.g. ‘male’ and ‘female’. Shows attitudes and belief that people may be unwilling/unable to report

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24
Q

Why is it important to do IAT?

A
  1. Unwillingly embarrassed to say what is on their mind 2. Think it is private. 3. Self-deception 4. Don’t know
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25
Q

1sr step of IAT

A

Categorise stimuli into 2 categories Black appears on top LH corner and white appears on RH corner Middle of screen a word (1st name will appear) The person is asked to alert word into appropriate category by pressing LHS or RHS

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26
Q

2nd step of IAT

A

Complete similar sort of producer e.g. pleasant (LHS) or unpleasant (RHS) Middle of screen world would appear that is pleasant or unpleasant

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27
Q

3rd step of IAT

A

Individual are ashes to complete a combined task that include bother categories in the first 2 task e.g. “black/present” LHS and “white/unpleasant” in RHS

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28
Q

4th step of IAT

A

Repeat task but with repetition of words and images

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29
Q

5th step of IAT

A

Repeat of 1st task but with words reversed e.g. black would be in RHS and white on LHS

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30
Q

6th step of IAT

A

Repeat of 3rd step except object and subject would be of opposite pairing e.g. black/unpleasant + white/pleasant

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31
Q

7th step of IAT

A

Repeat of 5th step but with more repetition of words and images

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32
Q

1sr step of IAT

A

Categorise stimuli into 2 categories Black appears on top LH corner and white appears on RH corner Middle of screen a word (1st name will appear) The person is asked to alert word into appropriate category by pressing LHS or RHS

33
Q

2nd step of IAT

A

Complete similar sort of producer e.g. pleasant (LHS) or unpleasant (RHS) Middle of screen world would appear that is pleasant or unpleasant

34
Q

3rd step of IAT

A

Individual are ashes to complete a combined task that include bother categories in the first 2 task e.g. “black/present” LHS and “white/unpleasant” in RHS

35
Q

4th step of IAT

A

Repeat task but with repetition of words and images

36
Q

5th step of IAT

A

Repeat of 1st task but with words reversed e.g. black would be in RHS and white on LHS

37
Q

6th step of IAT

A

Repeat of 3rd step except object and subject would be of opposite pairing e.g. black/unpleasant + white/pleasant

38
Q

7th step of IAT

A

Repeat of 5th step but with more repetition of words and images

39
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

Uncomfortable mental state due to contradiction between 2 attitudes or attitude and behaviour

40
Q

What can cognitive dissonance cause ?

A

Anxiety and tension

41
Q

Postdecisional dissonance

A

Cognitive dissonance also arises when we have positive attitudes about different options a bit must choose one option

42
Q

How does post-dissonance occur ?

A

Automatically. Little cognitive processing Without awareness

43
Q

What is insufficient justification?

A

Reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’a behaviour when external justification is insufficient

44
Q

Classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) study

A

Frustrating peg and spoil test and then asked to relay to incoming student (confederate) that they will be participating in AWESOME experiment Found: 20 dollar - no cognitive dissonance 1 dollar changed attitude because of cognitive dissonance (insufficient justification)

45
Q

Blascovich et al 1997

A

Social cognition:
Takes racist people more time to recognise faces
Categorise blocks based on colour, no difference
Categorise people based on race
The high prejudiced people took a longer time to sort individuals and the low prejudiced people were pretty quick

46
Q

Payne 2001

A

White participants had to identify hand-tools and hand gun
Each photo preceded by white or black face
Results:
Faster to detect a hand gun when preceded by a black face
Faster to detect a hand tool when preceded by white face

47
Q

What is implicit stereotype

A

Relatively inaccessible to conscious awareness and/or control

48
Q

What is authoriarian personality types?

A

A person who has extreme respect for authority, who is very obedient to those who have power over them. They may also be hostile to those of a lower status

49
Q

When is authoritarian personality formed?

A

During childhood

50
Q

Why does this personality type form?

A

Due to harsh parenting sytle such as extremely strict discipline
An exception of absolute loyalty, impossibly high standards
Severe criticism of perceived failings
These experiences create resentment and hostility in the child
But they can’t express this against their parents due to fear of punishment

51
Q

Psychological essentialism

A

Both an implicit and explicit psychological claim
A bias in how we think about individuals and categories
How certain traits are perceived as an essential part of the object, even when this may not be true

52
Q

Prentice and Miller 2006 (psychological essentialism)

A

People are aware of different groups, but do not know why they are different
Differences between groups are not obvious so people have the tendency to understand unique characteristics but cannot consciously analyse them to avoid prejudice

53
Q

Eagly 1987 (social roles trigger correspondence bias)

A

Different groups fill different roles in society

People attribute their behaviour to dispositions, not situation

54
Q

What are attitude formed out of?

A

Psychographic component

Cannot be seen

55
Q

Measurement of attitude

A

Observational studies

Self report methods

56
Q

Observational studies

A

Measuring attitude through watching and describing behaviour as it occurs
Indirect measure - observe what someone does and assuming the underlying attitude associated with behaviour

57
Q

Self report methods

A

Written or spoken answers to questions asked by the researchers
Data received is called subjective data as it depends on how accurately participants answer questions
Questionnaires
Surveys
Interview
Rating scale

58
Q

When are attitudes and behaviour likely to be consistent?

A

Strength of attitude
Accessibility of attitude
Social context of attitude
Perceived control over behaviour

59
Q

Strength of attitude

A 
Thought about 
Well known 
Easily accessible 
Personally relevant 
Has a strong emotional component 
Well informed with information being gained from personal experience 
Stable and consistent over time
60
Q

Accessibility of attitude

A

Attitude easily comes to mind
Has been thought about
Well known and stored in memory
Believed that accessible attitude are closely related to behaviour and guide and predict it

61
Q

Factors influencing attitude

A 
Formed over long period of time through learning 
Classical conditioning 
Operant conditioning 
Modelling 
Repeated exposure
62
Q

Social context of attitude

A

The actual and social context of attitude affects behaviour of individuals
Behaviour dependent on social surrounding
Perceived control over attitude

63
Q

Modelling

A

Can modify or adapt behaviour by observing other people, particularly those close to us or those who are respected or admired

64
Q

Repeated exposure

A

Attitude can form by being exposed to an issue, person or event repeatedly

65
Q

What is principle of cognitive consistency?

A

we have an inner drive to hold all of our attitudes and behaviour in harmony and avoid disharmony

66
Q

What happens when there is inconsistency between attitudes or behaviour?

A

Something must change to eliminate the dissonance

67
Q

Postdecisional dissonance

A

Changing our discrepant behaviour
Changing our cognition through rationalisation or denial
Adding a new cognition

68
Q

What is the conclusion of Festinger and Carl Smith study

A

Being paid 1 dollar is not sufficient incentive for lying and so those who paid 1 dollar experienced dissonance. They could only overcome that dissonance by coming to believe that the tasks were interesting and enjoyable
Being paid 20 dollar provides a reason for turning pegs and there is no dissonance

69
Q

What are advantages to this study

A

Lab experiment

Scientific can be repeated

70
Q

What are disadvantages to this study

A

We cannot physically observe cognitive dissonance
We cannot objectively measure it
The term dissonance is subjective
Individual difference in whether or not people act as their theory predicts
Low ecological validity
Biased sample

71
Q

When do we also experience dissonance?

A

If we put effort into a task which we have chosen to carry and the task turn out badly

72
Q

Aronson and Mills

A

To investigate the relationship between dissonance and effort

73
Q

Method of aronson and mills

A

Female students volunteered to take part in a discussion on psychology of sex
Mild embarrassment condition: participant read aloud to a male experimenter a list of sex related words like Virgin and prostitute
Severe embarrassment conditions: read a lot obscene words and a very explicit sexual passage

Conclusion: when people feel embarrassed they feel dissonance

74
Q

Verbal self report

A

Primarily measuring evaluative / affective component

75
Q

Thurston scale (1928)

A

Made up a statement about a particular issue

Each statement has a numerical value

76
Q

Likert Scale (1932)

A

Series of statement followed by a series of responsive alternative

77
Q

Guttman scale (1944)

A

Measure one factor/ subject

Followed by yes/no

78
Q

Semantic differential scale (1957)

A

Rate a topic on a standard set of bipolar adjective with opposite meaning
I.e. sweet and bitter
7 point scale

79
Q

Fishbein expectancy value (1974)

A

Success in predicting behaviour is determined by asking whether we would perform a given act/series of given act
Use questions that are quite specific

Psychology (11 decks)

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