Lecture 11 - Personality And Personality Disorders Flashcards
What type it research does nomothetic approach use?
Scientific and quantitative
Experiments/ controlled observations by which a hypothesis can be made
What are the 3 different kind of general laws?
- Classifying people into groups
- Establishing principles of behaviour that can be applied to everyone
- Establishing dimension on which people can be placed and compared
What is the nomothetic approach?
General laws of human behaviour can be used as a benchmark whereby people can be compared, measures and classified against
This allows for researchers to have a go at predicting likely future behaviour
The approach uses method which are most scientific in order to achieve objective research (experiment)
There is high control over variable
Large group of people can be studied and factors which make them similar can be identified
What is the Ideographic approach?
People are studied as individual entities, each with their own subjective experience, values and motivation
This approach tend to adopt method which produce quantitative method such as case studies, unstructured interviews abs self-report method
This provides for a more detailed, Rich research and a greater understanding of a person and their point of view
MBTI (Myers Briggs)
A personality inventory which categories an individual into one of 16 personality types depending on their preferences for how they perceive the world and make decisions
Based on psychodynamic personality theory that was developed by Carl Jung
Why design test? Myers Briggs
To help people understand themselves and each other so that they might choose to work in vocations that matched their personality types
People would be happier with their lives and the world would consequently be a better place
What are the 4 different dimension of MBTI?
Etraversion (E) - Introversion (I)
Sensing (S) - Intuition (N)
Thinking (T) - feeling (F)
Judging (J) - perceiving (P)
Describe MBTI dimension (E) - (I)
Whether your energy is directed outward toward world (E)
Or whether energy is directed inward to your own thoughts and ideas (I)
Describe MBTI dimension S-I
Whether you prefer to take in information from 5 senses (S)
Whether you prefer to receive information from unconscious (N)
Describe MBTI dimension of T-F
Whether you make decision with your head using logic and reasoning (T)
Or whether you decide with your heart using personal feelings and evaluation (F)
Describe the BMTI dimension of J-P
Whether you prefer to approach life in a planned, orderly and organised way (J)
Or whether you approach life more flexibility being spontaneous and open to options (P)
What is critics of MBTI?
It is lacking validity, reliability, scientific research evidence
Individuals only need to complete a short course in order to be qualified to administer MBTI
Doesn’t request the qualification of actual psychologists therefore is susceptible to misuse by organisation
MBTI is based on simplistic view of Jungs theory which is widely disregarded by contemporary psychologists
Plato (423-347 BC)
3 basic sources guiding human behaviour:
Reason
Emotion
Apetite
Reason is the highest value / most powerful
Aristotle
Psyche was the product of biological process
First individual to see connection between physical body and behaviour
Person who has a large forehead are slow to move
Those will a small forehead —> fickle
Rene Descartes
Primary site of interaction between mind and body is the pineal gland
Mind has control over behaviour of body
Body can Influence the mind
Frans Joseph Gal
Pseudomedicine
Focus on measurement of the human skill based on concept that brain is an organ of mind and that certain aspect of brain have a localised specific function
Hippocrates/ Galen
Humoral theory for temperament and health
4 humours/ bodily fluid held the secret for human health:
1. Phlegm - apathetic behaviour (lack of emotion)
2. Yellow - produce aggression
3. Black - produced depression
4. Blood - produced by liver
What are two different types of approaches in personality?
Nomothetic approach
Idiographic approach
Nomothetic approach
Concerned with studying what we share with others
Focuses on how common characteristic vary from person - person
Same metric to compare all people
What does nomothetic approach use?
Biological approach
When explaining a psychological disorder (OCD) they point to a biological factor such as neurotransmitter
Use biological therapy to treat disorder
applying the idea that neurotransmitter is cause of disorder and hence apply to a group of people to treat disease
Idiographic approach
Person centred approaches to studying personality
Focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique person
What makes each of us unique
Use different metric for each person
Case studies use this
What is used for military assignments?
Personality
Aptitude test
Clinical test
Questionnaires - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Standardised psychometric of adult personality and psychopathology
Used to help develop treatment plans
Assist with differential diagnoses
Help answer legal questions
Objective measure - relatively direct assessment of personality based on info gathered through questionnaire
What does Validity scale include?
Omitted items:
L scale
F scale
K scale
What is high L score indicative of?
Person trying to create favourable impression Rigid Moralistic Over estimates self Excessive used repression and denial Poor tolerance to stress and pressure Unoriginal in thinking Little awareness of consequences of his own action
What is low L score indicative of?
Honest
Function effectively as a leader
Communicate ideas effectively
confident about self to admit minor faults
What is MMPI-2-RF strength?
Names of scale reflect the content
Results are immediate and can be compared to other patients
Comparison groups
What is MMPI-2-RF weaknesses?
Research is not well established because it is a newer test
Fewer items loading on each scale results in endorsement of a scale when only a limited number of items have contributed
New norm groups were not used
Projective tests
Personality test that examine unconscious process by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli
Myers-Briggs
Categories individuals into one of 16 types 4 letter Acynorms 1. Introvert vs extrovert 2. Intuition vs sensing 3. Thinking vs feeling 4. Judging vs perceiving
Introvert vs extrovert
Introvert - shy and reversed
Extrovert - energised by interaction with people - prefer to move into action and make things happen
Thinking vs feeling
Thinkers - make decision logically - logical explanations and believe truth is more important
Feeling - make decisions based on heart and compassion
Intuition vs sensing
Sensing - pay attention to a physical world around them - notice facts and practically of things
Intuition - work with abstract - pay more attention to meaning and pattern - more interested in new possibilities
Judging vs perceiving
Judging - seen as orderly, control over life through organisation, seen as list makers
Perceiving - flexible and spontaneous - adapt to world - mix work and play
What are 8 elements of MBTI?
Introversion Extroversion Sensing Intuition Thinking Feeling Judging Perceiving
Phenomenological approach
Focused on people’s conscious experience of world
Trait approach
How people differ psychologically
Biological approach
Understand the mind in terms of body
Psychoanalytic approach
Primary concern is with unconscious mind and internal mental conflict
Humanistic approach
How conscious awareness produced uniquely human attribute
Understand meaning and basis of happiness
Cross cultural approach
How the experience of reality varies across cultures
Personality disorder
Inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour
What is the main issue surrounding diagnosis of mental disorder centres?
Reliability and validity of diagnosis
Inter-rather reliability
Extent to which psychiatrist can agree on some diagnoses when independently assessing patients
Test re-test reliability
Where the same clinicians give the same diagnosis when presented with same information on separate occasion
Cluster A
Eccentric and socially distant
Paranoid
Schizotypal
Schizoid
Cluster B
Flamboyant and emotionally unstable
Anti social
Borderline/histrionic
Cluster C
Anxious Avoidant Dependent Obsessive Compulsive
Paranoid
Tense
Guarded
Suspicious
Holds grudges
Schizoid
Socially isolated - restricted emotional expression
Schizotypal
Peculiarities of thought
Appearance
Behaviour that are disconcerting to others
emotionally detached and isolated
Histrionic
Seductive behaviour Need immediate gratification Constant reassurance Rapidly changing moods Shallow emotions
Narcissistic
Self-absorbed
Expects special treatment and adulation
Envious of attention to others
Borderline
Cannot stand to be alone Intense Unstable mood and personal relationship Chronic anger Drug and alcohol abuse
Anti social
Manipulative Exploitative Dishonest Disloyal Lacking in gulf Habitually breaks social rules Childhood history of such behaviour Often in trouble with the law
Avoidant
Easily hurt
Embarrassed
Few close friends
Sticks to routine to avoid new and possibly stressful experience
Dependent
Want others to make decisions
Need constant advice and reassurance
Fears being abandoned
Obsessive-compulsive
Perfdctionistic Overconscientious Indecisive Preoccupied with details Stuff Unable to express affection
