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Psychology > Lecture 2 - Research Ethics > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Research Ethics Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do different approaches exist?

A

There are different ways of explaining phenomena

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2
Q

What can emotions be explained in terms of?

A

Thoughts associated with them or the physiological changes they produce

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3
Q

What is the Biological Approach?

A

Behaviour understood by describing underlying biochemical and neurological causes

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4
Q

What is Biological Approach based on?

A

Organisms functioning can be explained in terms of bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behaviour

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5
Q

What is reductionist?

A

Observable behaviours reduced to physiological explanations

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6
Q

What did Roger Sperry Win?

A

Nobel prize for his split brain research

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7
Q

Who are the principal contributors to Biological Approach?

A

James Old David Hubel Torsten Wiesel

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8
Q

What is Cognitive Approach?

A

Study thoughts and mental processes

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9
Q

What is Cognitive approach based on?

A

Human behaviour can not be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store and process information

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10
Q

What are the significant contributions made in the Cognitive Approach?

A

Area of language, thought and memory

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11
Q

What are the prominent figures of Cognitive Psychology?

A

Jerome Bruner Jean Piaget Herbert Simon Noam Chomsky

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12
Q

What is psychoanalytic approach based on?

A

Unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders

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13
Q

Who are the contributors or Psychoanalytic Approach?

A

Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Alfred Adler

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14
Q

What is the downside of theory of psychoanalytic theory?

A

Not based on experimental evidence Many aspect of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory are untestable

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15
Q

What are the 3 parts of mind?

A

Conscious, unconscious and preconscious

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16
Q

What is conscious?

A

Thoughts and perceptions

Consist of all mental processes which we are aware

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17
Q

What is preconscious?

A

Available to consciousness e.g. memories and stored knowledge
Contains thoughts and feelings that a person is not currently aware of
Mild emotional experiences

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18
Q

What is unconscious?

A

Wishes and desires formed in childhood, Biological urges. Determines most behaviour
Influence judgement, feelings or behaviour
Primary source of human behaviour

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19
Q

What are he 3 personality components?

A

Id, ego and superego

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20
Q

What is Id?

A

Unconscious, urges needing instant gratification

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21
Q

What is ego?

A

Develops in childhood, rational. Chooses between id and external demand

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22
Q

What is superego?

A

Conscience, places restriction on behaviour

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23
Q

What is Freud’s ‘mental iceberg’ view of mind?

A

Conscious mind: ego Preconscious: executive mediator, superego (internalised ideals) Unconscious mind: ID (unconscious psychic energy)

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24
Q

What does Ego mediate conflict between?

A

Id, ego and superego

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25
Q

What does defence mechanism include?

A

Repression, displacement, denial, reaction formation

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26
Q

What does repression do?

A

Push stuff into unconscious, but it exerts influence from here, may cause problems

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27
Q

What is cute neuroses?

A

Bring material from unconscious to conscious Free association and dream analysis

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28
Q

What is the evaluate of Psychodynamic Approach?

A

Theories of personality, motivation and development Therapeutic techniques in clinical and counselling psychology Captures the popular imagination, providing an accessible framework for everyday understanding

29
Q

Why is psychodynamic unscientific?

A

Methodologically poor Untestable (e.g. concept of denial) Limited impact on scientific psychology

30
Q

What is the behavioural Approach based on?

A

Only observable events (stimulus-response relations) can be studied scientifically. emphasises the importance of environment

31
Q

What does the behavioural approach reject?

A

The investigation of internal mental processes

32
Q

What is behaviour a result of?

A

Learned associations between stimuli and responses to them

33
Q

What are the main theories of Behavioural approach?

A

Classical (Pavlov) and operant (Skinner) conditioning

34
Q

What is Behavioural Approach?

A

Emphasised environmental determinants of behaviour

35
Q

How is behaviour explained?

A

Assessing the effects of external stimuli Behaviour is determined by the occurrence of external events

36
Q

What is the evaluation of Behaviorist Approach?

A

It’s practical focus has led to useful applications Influenced theory development e.g. in the area of learning Developed a standard scientific methodology, through the hypothesis testing and experimental control

37
Q

Why is Behaviorist Approach criticized?

A

Mechanistic (ignoring mental processes) Overly environmentally determinist (it ignores biology)

38
Q

What is the Humanisitic Approaxh based on?

A

Humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth and they are fundamentally different from animals

39
Q

Why did the humanistic approach oppose the determinism of behaviousm and psychoanalysis?

A

Too much emphasis placed on ‘rat studies’ in understanding of human behaviour

40
Q

What did they develop in the humanistic approach?

A

Methods of psychotherapy

41
Q

Who are the prominent figures of humanistic approach?

A

Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow Gordon Allport

42
Q

What are the key features of Humanistic Approach?

A

Rejects determinism, and emphasises free will Rejects the positivism of science (investigating others as detached objective observers) Investigates phenomena from the subjective experience of individuals
Emphasis on holism

43
Q

What is holism?

A

The need to study the whole person

44
Q

Rogers

A

Self concept constitute of a perceived self and ideal self. Psychological health is achieved when the two match

45
Q

Maslow

A

People have a hierarchy of needs. The goal of psychological growth it to meet the need to achieve self-actualisation

46
Q

What are the evaluation of Humanistic Approach?

A

Considerable influence on counselling Development of client-centred therapy Helped establish counselling as an independent profession Development of research techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment

47
Q

What are the disadvantages of Humanistic Approach?

A

Unscientific Limited impact on mainstream psychology Limited evidence for theories

48
Q

What is the procedure of Milgram?

A

40 male participant are told that study is about memory and learning Goal: help another person learn word pairs How: shock the learner Learner: confederate Teacher is put in front of an electric shock generator with a range of voltage levels (15-450 volts Labels: slight shock to danger: severe shock At 300 volts the learner pounds on the wall

49
Q

How many obeyed the orders of experience to the end?

A

26 out of 40 subjects

50
Q

Results

A

Mean: 13.42 Mode: 14

51
Q

Participants were distressed

A

Subjects were observed to sweat, tremble, stutter, bite their lip, groan and dig their fingernail into their flesh Regular occurrence of nervous laughing Full-blown uncontrollable seizures

52
Q

Why was the emotional disturbance described by Milgram potentially harmful?

A

Effect an alternation in the subject’s self image or ability to trust adult authorities in the future

53
Q

Why were the participants distressed?

A

Trusted the experimenter Concerned about their victims

54
Q

What do the experimenter need to prevent?

A

Participant from leaving the lab more humiliated, insecure, alienated or hostile than when she/he arrived

55
Q

What is defence mechanisms?

A

Psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings

56
Q

What are examples of neuroses?

A

Anxiety states
Phobias
Obsessions
Hysteria

57
Q

What is Repression?

A

Unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious

58
Q

What is Denial?

A

Blocking external events from awareness

If some situation is just too much to handle, the person just refused to experience it

59
Q

What is an example of denial?

A

smokers may refuse to admit to themselves that smoking is bad for their health

60
Q

What is displacement?

A

Satisfying an impulse (e.g. aggression) with a substitute object

61
Q

What is an example of displacement?

A

Someone who is frustrated by his/her boss at work may go home and kick the dog
Beat up a family member

62
Q

What is the problem of Repression?

A

Involved forcing disturbing wishes, ideas, or memories into unconscious , where they will create anxiety

63
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

A person goes beyond denial and behaves in the opposite way to which he or she thinks or feels

64
Q

What is the strength of biological Approach?

A

Very scientific
Experiments are measurable, objective and can be repeated to test for reliability
Researcher has more control over variables
Deterministic: increases the likelihood of being able to treat people with abnormal behaviour and provide explanation about causes of behaviour

65
Q

What is weaknesses to biological approach?

A

Focuses too much on nature side of nature/nurture debate
It argues that behaviour is caused by hormones, neurotransmitters and genetics

Nomothetic - develops theories about disorders and generalise them to apply to everyone

66
Q

What is the strength of cognitive Approach?

A

Looks at thought processes which were ignored by other psychologist, especially behaviourist

Applied to cognitive therapies - rational emotive therapy
Change irrational thoughts into rational thought so behaviour improves

67
Q

What is the cognitive weaknesses?

A

Reductionist
It reduces human behaviour down to individual processes such as memory and attention
Human is a product of all the processes working together and not just individual parts

Too mechanical - compares human to computers in that they have similar processes
Human are more complex than computers

68
Q

What are the positives to milgram experiment?

A

Showed how people behave and the power influence of authority figure - give valuable insight
Controlled experiment - high internal validity so cause and effect can be established
He debriefed all participants fully and did check jk to ensure there was no lasting psychological harm

69
Q

What was the evaluation of milgram experiment?

A
  1. Milgrams sample was biased - only men were used
  2. Deception - the participant actually believed they were shocking a real person , unaware the learner was a confederate of Milgrams
  3. Protection of participants - participant were exposed to stressful situation that have the potential to psychological harm
  4. Right to withdrawal - told continually to please continue

Psychology (11 decks)

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