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Psychology > Lecture 3: Social Psychology > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

The halo effect

A

Initially if we find someone attractive we associate them with good traits

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2
Q

What are attractive people rated as?

A

More intelligent, trustworthy, friendly and competent

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3
Q

McArthur + Berry 1987: Baby faced

A

Compared Nature and baby faces features Those with baby faces are viewed as honest and not likely to get managerial jobs Recruitment and selection process, interpersonal relation choices

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4
Q

Norman Tripplet 1898

A

Speed record of cyclists He noticed that racing against each other rather than against the clock alone increased the cyclists speeds Duplicate this under laboratory conditions using children and fishing reel 2 conditions: the child alone and children in pairs but working alone Task was to wind in a given amount of fishing reel Triplett reports that many children worked faster in presence of a partner during same task

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5
Q

What is the co-action effect?

A

Increased task performance Mere presence of others during the same task

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6
Q

Halo effect

A

Cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel, and think about his/her character

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7
Q

Baby faced feature

A

Perceived as less dominant, more naive and warmer than those with mature features

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8
Q

Smith and Mackie

A

The scientific study of effects of social and cognitive processes on the way individuals perceive Influence and relate to others

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9
Q

What was the results of Smith and Mackie’s experiment?

A

Children are relying on the same aspects of facial appearance in order to judge a persons competence

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10
Q

Heider and Simmel 1944

A

Asked participants to describe movement of abstract geometric shapes Would attribute emotions and I tend to shapes based on movements Participants often saw characters with emotions, motivation and purpose

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11
Q

Jones and Harris (1967)

A

College students are asked to read essay written by fellow students that either supported or opposed Fidel Castro’s rule in Cuba and then guess how the author is the essay really felt about Castro. Some were told author chose position while others were told position was assigned Participants assigned the author really believed what he wrote

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12
Q

Social comparison theory (Festinger,1954)

A

We determine our own social and personal worth based on how we stack up against others Constantly making self and other emulations across domains: Attractiveness, wealth, intelligence, success

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13
Q

Kitayama 1991: Independent self

A

Self is viewed as independent, autonomous separate being defined by unique repertoire of attributes: abilities, thoughts and feelings

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14
Q

Kitayama 1991: Interdependent self

A

The self is viewed as interdependent with and is experienced as part of social web. Ones behaviour, thoughts and feelings are seen as dependent on those of others in relationship

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15
Q

Actor-Observer effect

A

Tendency to make dispositional attribution for others behaviours and situational for own behaviour

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16
Q

What does self esteem depend on?

A

Comparisons with others

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17
Q

Medvec et al (1995)

A

Bronze medal winners in 1992 olympics were happier than silver medal winners

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18
Q

Blascovich et al 1997

A

Categorise block based on colour - no difference. Categorise people based on race, the high prejudice people took longer to sort individuals and low prejudiced people were quick

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19
Q

What is implicit association test?

A

Devised to examine influences of implicit processes on behaviour

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20
Q

Payne 2001

A

Found that when primed with black rather than white faces people think gun

21
Q

What is covaritian model of attribution

A

Person has information from multiple observation, at different times and situation

22
Q

Three dimensional model of Attribution

A

Persons attribution and perception about their own successes and failure determine the amount of effort the person will put forth in a similar situation in the future

23
Q

Locus of control

A

Internal or external
Internal: sees people as active participants in the world, capable of influencing what happens to them
External locus: sees the world as happening to people, outside their control

24
Q

Stability

A

Whether someone’s attribution is stable or unstable over time

25
Q

Controllability

A

Extent to which a cause is able or unable to be controlled

26
Q

Internal locus of control

A

People who believe what happens to them is within their control e.g. hard work
More able to resist following orders as they feel in charge of their life

27
Q

External locus of control

A

People who believe that whatever happens is outside their control e.g. fare
More likely to obey as they think events are out of their hands

28
Q

What is the result of Heider + Simmel

A

Infuse intention into movement of geometric shape

Also infuse intention in people merely by observing their behaviour

29
Q

What is the strength of Jones and Harris study

A

Laboratory experiment - strict control over variables
Determined a cause-effect relationship
Finding support FAE

30
Q

What are limitations to Harris and Jones study

A

Lack ecological validity (cannot be applied to real life settings)
Participants, not representative sample, all American Ps were used
Laboratory experiment - artificial environment

31
Q

What are the strength of FAE?

A

The theory has promoted the understanding of common errors in explanation of what happens in the world - help explain human behaviour

The theory has proven to be robust - supported by many research studies

32
Q

What are limitations to FAE

A

The theory is culturally biased with too much focus on individualism

Much research has been conducted in laboratories and with a student sample

33
Q

Just world hypothesis

A

One consequence of westerners tendency to provide internal explanation for other behaviour is victim blaming

When bad things happen to people, other assume those people somewhere are responsible for their own fate

34
Q

Cultural factors

A

Culture affect how people make attribution

Individualistic culture: value personal goal and independence

Collectivist: see individuals as members of a group and tend to value conformity, mutual support and interdependence

35
Q

Festinger, Social comparison theory

A

People want a precise assessment of themselves by judging their own abilities and opinions in comparison with individual around them
Get a sense of validity and cognitive clarity by comparing them selves

36
Q

What does the social conpmparison process Involve

A

People coming to know themselves by evaluating their own attitudes, abilities and beliefs in conparison with others

37
Q

Upward social comparison

A

When we compare outdoes with those who we believe are better than us
Improve our current level of ability
We compare ourselves to someone better off and look for ways that we can ask achieve similar results

38
Q

Downward social comparison

A

When we compare ourselves to others who are worse off than ourselves
Feel better about our abilities
We may not be great at something, but atleast we are better off than some one

39
Q

Disposition

A

Caused by internal characteristic that reside within Individual

40
Q

Positive illusion

A

Unrealistically favourable attitude that people have toward themselves or people that are close to them
Self deception
Self enhancement
Maintain self esteem or starve off discomfort

41
Q

Old fashioned prejudice

A

Majority openly rejects minority
La Piere Discrimination study 1934
Study on relationship between attitude and behaviour

42
Q

Modern prejudice

A

Subtle or hidden

More likely to keep real views private if it is believed that views are socially unacceptable

43
Q

What is discrimination?

A

When prejudice is expressed through behaviour

Positive or negative behaviour directed towards a social group and it’s members

44
Q

Factors that increase/decrease prejudice

A

Ingroups and outgroups
Inter group conflict
Attribution h

45
Q

Ingroups and outgroups

A

People catergorisd themselves and others into groups which can influence their attitude toward other group men reefs

46
Q

In group

A

Group that someone belongs to
Give preferential treatment to in group
Viewed more positively
See individual difference

47
Q

Outgroups

A

Group that someone doesn’t not belong too
Seen to be less like us and more like each other
Likely to view them negatively

48
Q

Results in discrimination

A

Unjust treatment of different catergories of people on ground of race, age or sex

49
Q

Social cognition

A

Takes racist people more time to catergorise faces

Psychology (11 decks)

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